2013-05-20T21:17:37Z http://oai.repec.openlib.org/oai.php

oai:RePEc:usi:labsit:0292010-10-15RePEc

preprint According to recent evidence (Frederick, Loewenstein, & O’Donoghue, 2002), the traditional Discounted Utility model (Samuelson, 1937) has a limited ability to describe realistic models of behaviour and indeed there are several documented empirical regularities that seem to contradict this statement both in certainty and uncertainty conditions. This study focused on one of the best documented anomalies: sign effect or gain-loss asymmetry (Frederick et al., 2002; Loewenstein & Prelec, 1992; Read, 2004). Specifically, the study investigated the intertemporal preference for symmetric monetary rewards and punishments in certain conditions, and the no wealth effects hypothesis (Dimitri, 2007) by asking subjects to choose between two positive or two negative euro amounts available at different points in time. The experimental design applied here followed the same behavioural pattern of the neuroeconomics’ study on monetary rewards realized by McClure et al. (2004). The results confirmed a gain-loss asymmetry at least for medium and large euro amount and suggested new directions of research. intertemporal preferences; gains; losses; certainty; sign effect . 2010-06 D90 D91 http://www.labsi.org/wp/labsi29.pdf application/pdf Valeria Faralla vale_fara@yahoo.it Francesca Benuzzi benuzzi.francesca@unimo.it Paolo Nichelli nichelli.paolo@unimo.it Nicola Dimitri dimitri@unisi.it

oai:RePEc:usi:depfid:03102010-10-15RePEc

preprint In the insurance literature it is often argued that private markets can provide insurance against ‘risk’ but not against ‘uncertainties’ in the sense of Knight (1921) or Keynes (1921). This claim is at odds with the standard economic model of risk exchange which, in assuming that decision-makers are always guided by precise point-valued subjective probabilities, predicts that all uncertainties can, in theory, be insured. Supporters of the standard model argue that the insuring of highly idiosyncratic risks by Lloyd’s of London proves that this is so even in practice. The purpose of this paper is to show that Bruno de Finetti, widely regarded as one of the three founding fathers of the subjective approach to probability assumed by the standard model, actually made a theoretical case for uncertainty within the subjectivist approach. We draw on empirical evidence from the practice of underwriters to show how this case may help explain the reluctance of insurers to cover highly uncertain contingencies. uncertainty, insurance, probability, de Finetti. 2010-01 B23 D80 G22 http://www.depfid.unisi.it/images/pdf/text0310.pdf application/pdf Alberto Feduzzi af287@cam.ac Jochen Runde af287@cam.ac Carlo Zappia zappia@unisi.it

oai:RePEc:usi:depfid:05102010-10-15RePEc

preprint The Great Recession triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis raised serious questions on the responsibility of the economists as intellectuals, advisors and decision makers. This essay focuses on the responsibility of the academic economist in his role of researcher, teacher, divulgator, inspirer and supporter of a specific ideology (sometimes malgré lui). In the light of this analysis, the author briefly discusses the limits of the institutionalized and centralized evaluation systems of research quality recently adopted in many countries, and suggests an alternative approach to the evaluation of the merit of academic economists centred on the zeal shown in complying with all their duties. responsabilità dell’economista, etica ed economia, valutazione della ricerca, grande recessione 2010-06 A11 A13 A20 http://www.depfid.unisi.it/images/pdf/text0510.pdf application/pdf Alessandro Vercelli vercelli@unisi.it

oai:RePEc:rai:rhbook:97838661848482010-10-15RePEc

book Die Herausbildung der Personalpolitik in Unternehmen vollzieht sich zumeist in der Auseinandersetzung verschiedener Interessentraeger. Als Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung dient die Frage, wie Unternehmen auf Veraenderungsimpulse reagieren, die geeignet sind, die Grundlagen der jeweiligen Personalpolitik zu veraendern. Aufbauend auf der Theorie der Handlungsentlastung wird als weiteres Analyseinstrument das Konzept der ‘Organisationalen Dissonanz’ entwickelt. Bei der Ausarbeitung der ‘Organisationalen Dissonanz’ wird auf die klassischen Arbeiten von Festinger zurueckgegriffen und dessen ueberlegungen durch Einsichten aus der neueren theoretischen und empirischen Literatur ergaenzt. In Ansaetzen erfolgt ein Bezug der Theorie der kognitiven Dissonanz von der subjektiven Ebene auf eine kollektive Ebene und somit ein erster Schritt zur Weiterentwicklung der Organisationstheorie. Die Mikro-Makro-Verbindung wird dabei im Wesentlichen ueber Konstrukte wie dem der organisationalen Identitaet geleistet. Anhand von mehreren Fallstudien werden die spezifische Logik der verschiedenen Personalsysteme und die Wirkungsweise von Dissonanz­reduktions-Mechanismen innerhalb dieser Systeme veranschaulicht. Die Zuordnung der untersuchten Unternehmen zu verschiedenen personalpolitischen Konfigurationen erfolgt anhand von Indikatoren, die sich aus der Theorie der Handlungsentlastung ableiten. Personalpolitik, personalpolitische Konfigurationen, Mittelstand, Handlungsentlastung, Arbeitsbeziehung, Dissonanztheorie, Dissonanzreduktion, organisatorischer Wandel und Stabilitaet, organisationale Identitaet, Fallstudie M12 M14 M50 http://www.buchhandel.de/WebApi1/titelsuche.asp?caller=92877&func=DirectIsbnSearch&isbn=9783866184848 text/html Thorsten Jochims Rainer Hampp Verlag, Muenchen, Mering (Germany)

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-30:d:63852010-10-15RePEc

article The influence of thermodynamics on the emerging transdisciplinary field of 'ecological economics‘ is critically reviewed from an interdisciplinary perspective. It is viewed through the lens provided by the 'bioeconomist' Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906–1994) and his advocacy of 'the Entropy Law' as a determinant of economic scarcity. It is argued that exergy is a more easily understood thermodynamic property than is entropy to represent irreversibilities in complex systems, and that the behaviour of energy and matter are not equally mirrored by thermodynamic laws. Thermodynamic insights as typically employed in ecological economics are simply analogues or metaphors of reality. They should therefore be empirically tested against the real world. thermodynamic analysis; energy; entropy; exergy; ecological economics; environmental economics; exergoeconomics; complexity; natural capital; sustainability 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 30 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1195/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1195/ text/html Geoffrey P. Hammond ensgph@bath.ac.uk Institute for Sustainable Energy & the Environment (I•SEE), University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK Department of Economics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK Adrian B. Winnett hssabw@bath.ac.uk Institute for Sustainable Energy & the Environment (I•SEE), University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK Department of Economics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:3:p:1-18:d:96572010-10-15RePEc

article We study the solution concepts of partial cooperative Cournot-Nash equilibria and partial cooperative Stackelberg equilibria. The partial cooperative Cournot-Nash equilibrium is axiomatically characterized by using notions of rationality, consistency and converse consistency with regard to reduced games. We also establish sufficient conditions for which partial cooperative Cournot-Nash equilibria and partial cooperative Stackelberg equilibria exist in supermodular games. Finally, we provide an application to strategic network formation where such solution concepts may be useful. partial cooperative equilibrium; supermodular games; network formation 3 2010 1 9 Games 1 18 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/338/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/338/ text/html Sylvain Béal sylvain.beal@univ-fcomte.fr CRESE, Université de Franche-Comté, 30, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 25009 Besançon, France School of Management and Economics, Queen’s University Belfast, 25, University Square, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK Keleti Faculty of Economics, Obuda University, Tavaszmezo 15-17, H-1084 Budapest, Hungary GATE Lyon Saint-Etienne, Université de Saint-Etienne, 6, rue basse des rives, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France Subhadip Chakrabarti CRESE, Université de Franche-Comté, 30, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 25009 Besançon, France School of Management and Economics, Queen’s University Belfast, 25, University Square, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK Keleti Faculty of Economics, Obuda University, Tavaszmezo 15-17, H-1084 Budapest, Hungary GATE Lyon Saint-Etienne, Université de Saint-Etienne, 6, rue basse des rives, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France Amandine Ghintran CRESE, Université de Franche-Comté, 30, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 25009 Besançon, France School of Management and Economics, Queen’s University Belfast, 25, University Square, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK Keleti Faculty of Economics, Obuda University, Tavaszmezo 15-17, H-1084 Budapest, Hungary GATE Lyon Saint-Etienne, Université de Saint-Etienne, 6, rue basse des rives, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France Philippe Solal CRESE, Université de Franche-Comté, 30, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 25009 Besançon, France School of Management and Economics, Queen’s University Belfast, 25, University Square, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK Keleti Faculty of Economics, Obuda University, Tavaszmezo 15-17, H-1084 Budapest, Hungary GATE Lyon Saint-Etienne, Université de Saint-Etienne, 6, rue basse des rives, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-17:d:90322010-10-15RePEc

article Following a devastating tornado there in 2007, the tiny city of Greensburg, Kansas has engaged in a sustainability-oriented recovery process through which it hopes to serve as a model for other communities planning for a sustainable future. This article uses innovation theory to consider how and why the sustainability focus emerged in Greensburg and to explore the potential transferability of those factors to other contexts. An analysis of 535 newspaper articles reveals key factors as: the shared vision of persistent local leaders, the framing of sustainability as an “opportunity” with an energy efficiency focus, community pride and resilience, and a “clean slate” rebuilding effort with substantial available funding. While Greensburg’s future is intimately connected to the specifics of its recent past, the analysis does reveal lessons that other communities can draw from in crafting sustainability plans of their own. sustainability; innovation; disaster recovery 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2302/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2302/ text/html Stacey Swearingen White sswhite@ku.edu Urban Planning Department, University of Kansas, 1465 Jayhawk Boulevard, 317 Marvin Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:1:p:1-12:d:75842010-10-15RePEc

article Game and decision theory start from rather strong premises. Preferences, represented by utilities, beliefs represented by probabilities, common knowledge and symmetric rationality as background assumptions are treated as “given.” A richer language enabling us to capture the process leading to what is “given” seems superior to the stenography of decision making in terms of utility cum probability. However, similar to traditional rational choice modeling, boundedly rational choice modeling, as outlined here, is far from being a “global” theory with empirical content; rather it serves as a tool to formulate “local” theories with empirical content. bounded rationality; methodology of decision; game theory 1 2010 1 3 Games 1 12 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/1/53/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/1/53/ text/html Werner Güth gueth@econ.mpg.de Max Planck Institute of Economics, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany Frankfurt School of Finance and Management, Sonnemannstraße 9-11, 60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Hartmut Kliemt hartmut.kliemt@t-online.de Max Planck Institute of Economics, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany Frankfurt School of Finance and Management, Sonnemannstraße 9-11, 60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-22:d:80782010-10-15RePEc

article This article explores how environmental regulation may be improved through the use of community-based social marketing techniques. While regulation is an important tool of sustainability policy, it works upon a limited range of behavioural ‘triggers’. It focuses upon fear of penalty or desires for compliance, but individual behaviour is also affected by beliefs and values, and by perceived opportunities for greater satisfaction. It is argued that more effective environmental laws may be achieved using strategies that integrate regulation with community-based social marketing. Case studies where community-based social marketing techniques have been successfully used are examined, and methods for employing community-based social marketing tools to support environmental regulation are proposed. community-based social marketing; environmental regulation 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 22 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1138/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1138/ text/html Amanda L. Kennedy amanda.kennedy@une.edu.au Australian Centre for Agriculture and Law, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2350, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-15:d:93112010-10-15RePEc

article After a critical review of conventional approaches to sustainability, this paper contrasts orthodox (neoclassical) economic theory with a political economy approach, arguing that such an approach focusing on the historically specific organizational form of production and the inherent characteristics of the capitalist mode of production is crucial for exploring the preconditions, the content and the prospects of sustainability. Analyzing briefly these characteristics and the developmental trends of capitalism, we locate the basic causes behind the currently exacerbated economic and ecological crisis, and on these grounds we briefly explore the required systemic transformations necessary to ensure a socially and ecologically, truly sustainable development. political economy; Marxist theory; capitalism; sustainability conditions; sustainable development 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2601/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2601/ text/html George Liodakis liod@science.tuc.gr Department of Sciences, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-9:d:67082010-10-15RePEc

article Public regulations can result in improved environmental performance of products. In this paper eco-efficiency is used to assess the most likely outcome of potential new regulations. The paper presents a case study of furniture production in Norway where different scenarios for improving the environmental performance of the products are presented. Four regulatory options for imposing environmental improvements are assessed; (1) an introduction of a tax on emissions, (2) an increase of the tax on landfills, (3) an introduction of a tax on raw material consumption, and (4) introduction of take-back legislation. eco-efficiency; regulations; LCC; environmental performance 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 9 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/117/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/117/ text/html Ottar Michelsen ottar.michelsen@ntnu.no The Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-11:d:61802010-10-15RePEc

article The Mar del Plata International Water Conference provided the first global assessment of the water sector. It was found that in most developing countries the state of water supply and sanitation services were deplorable. Consequently, a call for concerted action to improve coverage and efficiency of the water supply and sanitation sector was launched. This call resulted in the International Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990). The Decade provided important lessons concerning effective methodologies to improve the state of the WSS sector. The paper discusses why the poor state of the water supply and sanitation conditions still tend to be the greatest development failure during the 20th century. The recipe for success was there, and the money was there. So, why were governments and big donors like the World Bank refusing to apply the lessons from the Decade? The basic conditions for success are spelled out, and some successful cases are used to illustrate these. The conclusion is that change is possible but that civil society organizations have to be empowered to make governments "feel the heat" and spend more money on water and sanitation, and to spend it more wisely. water supply; sanitation; integrated approaches; sustainable development 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 11 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1023/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1023/ text/html Peder Hjorth peder.hjorth@tvrl.lth.se Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-17:d:83022010-10-15RePEc

article It is generally accepted that flood risk has been increasing in Europe in the last decades. Accordingly, it becomes a priority to better understand its drivers and mechanisms. Flood risk is evaluated on the basis of three factors: hazard, exposure and vulnerability. If one of these factors increases, then so does the risk. Land use change models used for ex-ante assessment of spatial trends provide planners with powerful tools for territorial decision making. However, until recently this type of model has been largely neglected in strategic planning for flood risk mitigation. Thus, ex-ante assessment of flood risk is an innovative application of land use change models. The aim of this paper is to propose a flood risk mitigation approach using exposure scenarios. The methodology is applied in the Pordenone province in northern Italy. In the past 50 years Pordenone has suffered several heavy floods, the disastrous consequences of which demonstrated the vulnerability of the area. Results of this study confirm that the main driving force of increased flood risk is found in new urban developments in flood-prone areas. land use modeling; flood risk; flood hazard; urban growth 5 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1327/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1327/ text/html José I. Barredo jose.barredo@jrc.ec.europa.eu European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, TP 261, I-21020 Ispra, Italy Environmental Modeling Unit, VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, B-2400 Mol, Belgium Guy Engelen guy.engelen@vito.be European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, TP 261, I-21020 Ispra, Italy Environmental Modeling Unit, VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, B-2400 Mol, Belgium

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2009:i:1:p:1-24:d:66552010-10-15RePEc

article This paper investigates the political economy of the development of sustainable agriculture programs and initiatives in the United States. Sustainable agriculture emerged as part of a growing critique of the negative environmental consequences of unquestioned modern farming methods. The USDA/Sustainable Agriculture Research Education Program created in 1990 and the National Organics Program created in 2002 are the current government-sponsored programs in support of sustainable agriculture. Recently, private approaches to develop a national sustainable agriculture standard for the U.S. have emerged. The events of the cases developed in the paper reveal that because the concept of sustainability is deeply contested, agribusiness is able to exploit the ambiguity surrounding the definition of sustainable and exercise power in attempts to frame sustainable agriculture in their favor. Most recently, this contested process has focused on whether genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) will be included as part of the national sustainable agriculture standard. sustainable agriculture; USDA; organics; GMOs 1 2009 2 12 Sustainability 1 24 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/48/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/48/ text/html Douglas H. Constance soc_dhc@shsu.edu Department of Sociology, Campus Box 2446; Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341-2446, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-21:d:65502010-10-15RePEc

article In recent years, Jamaica has been seriously affected by a number of extreme meteorological events. The one discussed here, Hurricane Dean, passed along the south coast of the island in August 2007, damaging crops and disrupting livelihood activities for many small-scale farmers. This study is based on detailed ethnographic research in the southern coastal region of St. Elizabeth parish during the passage of Hurricane Dean, and explores the ways in which small farmers negotiate the stressors associated with hurricane events. The study employed a mix methods approach based on a survey of 282 farming households. The paper documents coping strategies employed by farmers in the immediate period of Hurricane Dean to reduce damage to their farming systems, and highlights the positive correlation between farmers’ perceptions of hurricanes and degree of damage to local farming systems. In addition, through an analysis of socio-economic and environmental data, the paper provides an understanding of the determinants of adaptive capacity and strategy among farmers in the area. The study indicated that despite high levels of vulnerability, farmers have achieved successful coping and adaptation at the farm level. hurricanes; adaptive capacity; coping strategies; St. Elizabeth; food security 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 21 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1366/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1366/ text/html Donovan Campbell donovan.campbell@uwimona.edu.jm Department of Geography and Geology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica Faculty of Education, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada Clinton Beckford clinton@uwindsor.ca Department of Geography and Geology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica Faculty of Education, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-21:d:60282010-10-15RePEc

article During these last years, cyclodextrins have contributed greatly to the development of catalytic processes in water. These cyclic oligosaccharides composed of 6(α), 7(β) or 8(γ) glucopyranose units improve the mass transfer in aqueous-organic two-phase systems and are useful compounds to design new catalysts. Thus, chemically modified cyclodextrins can be used to: (i) increase significantly the rate and selectivity of reactions catalyzed by water-soluble organometallic complexes, (ii) design new water-soluble ligands for aqueous organometallic catalysis, (iii) stabilize catalytically active noble metal nanoparticles in water and (iv) favour the dispersion and activation of the palladium on charcoal in water. cyclodextrin; aqueous organometallic catalysis; nanoparticles; palladium on charcoal 4 2009 1 10 Sustainability 1 21 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/924/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/924/ text/html Hervé Bricout herve.bricout@univ-artois.fr Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France UArtois, UCCS, Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz, SP 18-62307 Lens Cedex F-62300 Lens, France CNRS, UMR 8181, F-59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France Frédéric Hapiot frederic.hapiot@univ-artois.fr Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France UArtois, UCCS, Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz, SP 18-62307 Lens Cedex F-62300 Lens, France CNRS, UMR 8181, F-59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France Anne Ponchel anne.ponchel@univ-artois.fr Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France UArtois, UCCS, Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz, SP 18-62307 Lens Cedex F-62300 Lens, France CNRS, UMR 8181, F-59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France Sébastien Tilloy sebastien.tilloy@univ-artois.fr Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France UArtois, UCCS, Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz, SP 18-62307 Lens Cedex F-62300 Lens, France CNRS, UMR 8181, F-59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France Eric Monflier eric.monflier@univ-artois.fr Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France UArtois, UCCS, Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz, SP 18-62307 Lens Cedex F-62300 Lens, France CNRS, UMR 8181, F-59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-32:d:89542010-10-15RePEc

article This paper concerns how sustainable and low carbon living can be enabled in new housing developments in the UK. It is here recognized that consumption of energy and resources is not just what goes into the building, but also long-term through occupancy and activities. Current approaches, which require housing developers to reduce the carbon emissions of the homes they build through a mixture of energy efficiency and renewable energy systems, do not sufficiently contribute to the carbon emission reductions which are necessary for meeting UK Government targets and to avoid dangerous climate change. Purchasing a home ties people in to not just direct consumption of energy (heating, hot water, electricity), but also effects other areas of consumption such as the embedded energy in the building and activities associated with the location and the type of development. Conventional business models for new housing development, operating under current government regulations, policies and targets have failed to develop housing which encourages the adoption of sustainable lifestyles taking whole life consumption into account. An alternative business model of eco-self-build communities is proposed as a way to foster desired behavior change. The feasibility of eco-self-build communities and their scope for supporting low carbon sustainable lifestyles is assessed through stakeholder interviews, and through quantitative assessment of costs, carbon emission reduction potential, and other sustainability impacts of technical and lifestyle options and their combinations. The research shows that eco-self-build communities are both feasible and have the ability to deliver low carbon lifestyles. In comparison to conventional approaches to building new housing, they have further advantages in terms of delivering wider social, environmental as well as economic sustainability objectives. If implemented correctly they could succeed in making sustainable lifestyles attractive, and foster the development of pro- environmental social norms. sustainable lifestyles; behavior changes; comparative perspective; housing 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 32 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2084/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2084/ text/html Steffie Broer steffie@brightgreenfutures.co.uk Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6XA, UK Bright Green Futures Ltd., 232 Mina Rd., Bristol, BS2 9YP, UK Helena Titheridge h.titheridge@ucl.ac.uk Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6XA, UK Bright Green Futures Ltd., 232 Mina Rd., Bristol, BS2 9YP, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-18:d:95072010-10-15RePEc

article A new system dynamics tool, T21-Ohio, was developed to support integrated and comprehensive development planning at the state level. Based on the Threshold 21 (T21) framework, T21-Ohio provides insights into the potential impacts of energy and environmental policies across a wide range of sectors, and reveals how different strategies interact with one another to achieve planned goals and objectives. This paper shows how T21-Ohio was used to model the broader social, economic and environmental impacts of “waste to profit” activities in Ohio, such as recycling, electricity generation from waste, and bio-fuel production. Three alternative scenarios were simulated to evaluate the impacts of biomass co-firing, government stimulus for solid waste recycling, and by-product synergy activities. The results of the three scenario analyses indicate significant potential for economic development and creation of jobs while reducing emissions and waste. system dynamics; sustainable development; waste reduction policies 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2814/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2814/ text/html Emrah Cimren cimren.1@osu.edu Center for Resilience, The Ohio State University, 211 Baker Systems, 1971 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Millennium Institute, 2111 Wilson Blvd, Suite 750, Arlington, VA 22201, USA Andrea Bassi ab@millennium-institute.org Center for Resilience, The Ohio State University, 211 Baker Systems, 1971 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Millennium Institute, 2111 Wilson Blvd, Suite 750, Arlington, VA 22201, USA Joseph Fiksel fiksel.2@osu.edu Center for Resilience, The Ohio State University, 211 Baker Systems, 1971 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Millennium Institute, 2111 Wilson Blvd, Suite 750, Arlington, VA 22201, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-15:d:54842010-10-15RePEc

article The Design for Sustainability (D4S) concept outlines methodologies for making sustainable improvements (social, economic and environmental) to products by applying elements of life cycle thinking. D4S builds on the work of ecodesign to include economic and social concerns, and its methodology includes both incremental and radical innovation. The United Nations Environment Programme and the Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, in concert with key partners, work to support, illustrate, and diffuse targeted D4S demonstration efforts, including the European Commission-funded Cleaner Production for Better Products project in Vietnam, that are needed to change unsustainable consumption and production patterns. ecodesign; Cleaner Production; Design for Sustainability; Product-Service Systems; developing countries; D4S; green products; sustainable innovation 3 2009 1 8 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/409/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/409/ text/html Garrette Clark garrette.clark@unep.org United Nations Environment Programme, Department of Technology, Industry and Economics, 15 rue Milan, 75441 Cedex 09, Paris, France Vietnam Cleaner Production Centre, 4th floor, C10 Building, Hanoi University of Technology, DHBKHN, Dai Co Viet Road, Hanoi, Vietnam Delft University of Technology, Industrieel Ontwerpen, Room 1A-40, Landbergstraat 15, 2628CE Delft, The Netherlands Justin Kosoris kosoris@gmail.com United Nations Environment Programme, Department of Technology, Industry and Economics, 15 rue Milan, 75441 Cedex 09, Paris, France Vietnam Cleaner Production Centre, 4th floor, C10 Building, Hanoi University of Technology, DHBKHN, Dai Co Viet Road, Hanoi, Vietnam Delft University of Technology, Industrieel Ontwerpen, Room 1A-40, Landbergstraat 15, 2628CE Delft, The Netherlands Long Nguyen Hong nghglong@gmail.com United Nations Environment Programme, Department of Technology, Industry and Economics, 15 rue Milan, 75441 Cedex 09, Paris, France Vietnam Cleaner Production Centre, 4th floor, C10 Building, Hanoi University of Technology, DHBKHN, Dai Co Viet Road, Hanoi, Vietnam Delft University of Technology, Industrieel Ontwerpen, Room 1A-40, Landbergstraat 15, 2628CE Delft, The Netherlands Marcel Crul m.r.m.crul@tudelft.nl United Nations Environment Programme, Department of Technology, Industry and Economics, 15 rue Milan, 75441 Cedex 09, Paris, France Vietnam Cleaner Production Centre, 4th floor, C10 Building, Hanoi University of Technology, DHBKHN, Dai Co Viet Road, Hanoi, Vietnam Delft University of Technology, Industrieel Ontwerpen, Room 1A-40, Landbergstraat 15, 2628CE Delft, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-15:d:91572010-10-15RePEc

article This paper argues that the social sciences are fragmented in addressing the environmental challenge of increasing resource depletion. To address this problem, the paper puts forward a framework which encompasses several disciplinary approaches, and above all a long-term historical perspective and a realist sociology of science and technology which, in combination, provide a means of understanding the disruptive changes in the transformation of the environment. The paper then focuses on energy and gives an overview of the various social forces that can potentially counteract the future tensions arising from the foreseeable depletion of energy sources. It argues that only some of these countervailing forces—namely state intervention and technological innovation—provide viable potential solutions to these tensions. However, these solutions themselves face severe constraints. The paper concludes by arguing that a realistic assessment of constraints is the most useful, though limited, service that social science can contribute to our understanding of the relation between social and environmental transformation. sociology; science and technology; environment; energy 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2483/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2483/ text/html Ralph Schroeder ralph.schroeder@oii.ox.ac.uk Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St.Giles, Oxford OX1 3JS, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-10:d:59662010-10-15RePEc

article Life on a global biosphere basis is substantiated in the form of organics and organisms, and defined as the intermediate forms (briefly expressed as CH₂O) hovering between the reduced (CH₄, methane) and (CO₂, carbon dioxide) ends, different from the classical definition of life as a complex organization maintaining ordered structure and information. Both definitions consider sustenance of life meant as protection of life against chaos through an input of external energy. The CH₂O-life connection is maintained as long as the supply of H and O lasts, which is in turn are provided by the splitting of the water molecule H₂O. Water is split by electricity, as well-known from school-level experiments, and by solar radiation and geothermal heat on a global scale. In other words, the Sun’s radiation and the Earth’s heat as well as radioactivity split water to supply H and O for continued existence of life on the Earth. These photochemical, radiochemical and geothermal processes have influences on the evolution and current composition of the Earth’s atmosphere, compared with those of Venus and Mars, and influences on the planetary climatology. This view of life may be applicable to the “search-for-life in space” and to sustainability assessment of astrobiological habitats. split of water; photochemical; radiochemical; geothermal; reduction-oxidation; entropy 4 2009 1 10 Sustainability 1 10 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/827/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/827/ text/html Takeshi Naganuma takn@hiroshima-u.ac.jp Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-24:d:80102010-10-15RePEc

article As it has been suggested that involvement of individuals in environmental work is necessary for halting environmental degradation, one focus for contemporary environmental policy and political theory is the need for comprehensive individual lifestyle changes. Ecological Citizenship (EC) has been suggested within the field of political theory as an approach to realize personal responsibility for the environment. However, empirical research on whether EC can serve this purpose is still lacking. Based on a survey sent to 4,000 Swedish households, this paper makes the theory of EC empirically operational and explores whether, and to what extent, people in general hold values and beliefs in line with what is expected of EC, in order to shed light on the feasibility of cultivating ecological citizens in Sweden. The study concludes that a significant proportion of the respondents do demonstrate a value base consistent with EC, <i>i.e.</i>, non-territorial altruism and the primacy of social justice. While additional tests and studies are needed, the results support the use of EC as a theoretical model for behavioral change. ecological; citizenship; environmental; consumer; belief; value 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 24 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1055/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1055/ text/html Sverker C. Jagers Sverker.Jagers@pol.gu.se Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 711, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden Division of Political Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Simon Matti Simon.Matti@ltu.se Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 711, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden Division of Political Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE 971 87 Luleå, Sweden

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-10:d:61452010-10-15RePEc

article The argan tree is a slow growing tree exclusively endemic in the dry lowlands of Southwest Morocco. The argan forest constitutes a long time ignored specific biotope that has been declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1998. The argan forest is particularly fragile to climate change. Forecasts show annual precipitation levels and prolonged drought periods that could severely threaten the future of the argan forest. In some places, the argan forest is already damaged, resulting in the retreat of the argan tree and the subsequent desert encroachment. An acceleration of this trend would have devastating consequences. In response, some twenty years ago, an ambitious, unique in Northern-Africa, and government-supported program was initiated in Morocco to rescue the argan tree via the sustainable development of the argan forest. Because in the late 1980s, sustainable development in developing countries was often considered as a utopia, the argan forest case represents a sign of progress, as it is also an interesting and unique experience in Africa. This review analyses the process followed, the measures taken, the pitfalls encountered, and the results obtained during the last two decades. It also points out the measures that still need to be taken before declaring the argan forest rescue mission is accomplished. argan forest; argan oil; Amazigh; woman cooperative; Morocco 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 10 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1012/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1012/ text/html Zoubida Charrouf zcharrouf@menara.ma Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, BP1014, Rabat, Morocco CNRS-UMR6229, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51100 Reims, France Dom Guillaume dominique.guillaume@univ-reims.fr Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, BP1014, Rabat, Morocco CNRS-UMR6229, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51100 Reims, France

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-20:d:80302010-10-15RePEc

article The reasons for the significance of cultural values are complex and many advocacy groups have not successfully provided clear explanations for and convincing arguments in favor of prioritizing cultural values in the development processes. The aim of this paper is to examine the roles played by culture in relation to livelihood resilience, posing the question of how cultural traditions might potentially offer alternatives/adaptive strategies, not only to strength livelihood assets of rural communities, but also in generating new opportunities during vulnerabilities caused by economic, social and political changes. Rural Kandyan communities afford us a good example of “cultural resilience”, relying on longstanding cultural traditions for their survival. This paper shows how culture and traditional values strengthen livelihood resilience and argues that while the impulse for change may come from external influences, adaptation comes from within, through dynamics, which are specific to values of the people. culture; resilience; rural communities; livelihoods; Kandy; Sri Lanka 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1080/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1080/ text/html Chandima Dilhani Daskon chandima.daskon@geography.otago.ac.nz Department of Geography, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-7:d:65242010-10-15RePEc

article Astrobiology, a new field of research associating the prospects and constraints of prebiotic chemistry, mineralogy, geochemistry, astrophysics, theoretical physics, microbial ecology, <em>etc.</em>, is assessed in terms of sustainability through the scientific and social functions it fulfils, and the limits it encounters or strives to overcome. In the same way as sustainable development, astrobiology must also take into account the temporal dimension specific to its field of investigation and examine its underlying conception of Nature. astrobiology; sustainability; precautionary principle; cultural theory 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 7 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1323/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1323/ text/html Jacques Arnould jacques.arnould@cnes.fr CNES, French Space Agency, 2 place Maurice Quentin, F-75039 Paris, Cedex 01, France

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-18:d:88762010-10-15RePEc

article This paper presents the results of a sustainability impact assessment (SIA) of policy induced land use changes in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The regional problems include rapid expansions of urban areas, due to high population pressure, and the conversion of paddy fields and forests into settlements. The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of two land use policies on social, economic, and environmental Land Use Functions (LUFs) in Yogyakarta. The following scenarios were developed for the SIA: a forest protection scenario (S1), a paddy field conservation scenario (S2), and a counterfactual (no policy) scenario of ‘Business As Usual’ (BAU). The Framework for Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA) was applied to conduct an expert-based impact assessment. For the specification of the regional sustainability context, a set of nine key LUFs and associated indicators were developed, including three social, three economic, and three environmental sustainability criteria. The resulting scenario impacts of the assessment differed considerably, with positive impacts of the S1 and S2 scenarios on seven of nine LUFs, and negative impacts of the BAU scenario on six LUFs. The perception of the FoPIA method by the regional stakeholders was positive. We conclude that this method contributes toward an enhanced regional understanding of policy effects and sustainability, particularly in data-poor environments. sustainability impact assessment (SIA); land use change; land use functions (LUFs); stakeholder participation 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1991/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1991/ text/html Hannes Jochen König hkoenig@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Bulaksumur, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1116, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Johannes Schuler jschuler@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Bulaksumur, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1116, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Utia Suarma utiasuarma@ugm.ac.id Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Bulaksumur, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1116, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Desmond McNeill desmond.mcneill@sum.uio.no Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Bulaksumur, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1116, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Jacques Imbernon imbernon@cirad.fr Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Bulaksumur, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1116, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Frieta Damayanti frietadamayanti@gmail.com Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Bulaksumur, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1116, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Syarifah Aini Dalimunthe syarifah.dalimunthe@gmail.com Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Bulaksumur, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1116, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Sandra Uthes suthes@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Bulaksumur, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1116, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Junun Sartohadi panyidiksiti@yahoo.com Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Bulaksumur, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1116, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Katharina Helming khelming@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Bulaksumur, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1116, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK Jake Morris jake.morris@forestry.gsi.gov.uk Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Bulaksumur, Sekip Utara Jalan Kaliurang Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1116, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-20:d:81522010-10-15RePEc

article “Fly-in/fly-out” is a form of work organization that has become the standard model for new mining, petroleum and other types of resource development in remote areas. In many places this “no town” model has replaced that of the “new town.” The work system has both beneficial and adverse implications for the sustainability of both existing communities near new resource developments and for the more distant communities from which workers are drawn. This paper explores these outcomes drawing upon examples from North America and Australia. fly-in/fly-out; community sustainability; commute work 5 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1161/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1161/ text/html Keith Storey kstorey@mun.ca Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-25:d:67492010-10-15RePEc

article Organics is the one of the fastest growing segments in food sales. Though the amount of certified organic land is increasing, the supply of organic foods lags behind demand in the United States. The reasons for this gap include a lack of government support for organics, and the peculiarities of organics as an innovation. In an attempt to close this gap, and increase the environmental sustainability of U.S. agriculture, this paper has two objectives. The first is to document the structural and institutional constraints to organic adoption. This is accomplished through a review of organic programs and policies in the U.S., in particular the National Organic Program. The second objective is to investigate the predictors of interest and the perceived barriers to organic adoption among pragmatic conventional producers in Texas, compared to organic and conventional producers. This is accomplished through a survey of a representative sample of producers in Texas. The results indicate that more than forty percent of producers who currently have conventional operations have at least some interest in organic production (pragmatic conventional producers). There are significant differences among the three groups in their structural and attitudinal characteristics related to organic adoption. For the pragmatic conventional producers, an increase in revenue would be a major facilitator of organic adoption. Their high levels of uncertainty regarding organic production and marketing, and especially organic certification constrain organic adoption. The results also reveal that the institutional setting in the U.S. hindered adoption. The paper concludes that increased institutional support would facilitate organic adoption. organic agriculture; adoption; barriers 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/163/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/163/ text/html Douglas H. Constance soc_dhc@shsu.edu Department of Sociology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341-2446, USA Jin Young Choi jyc002@shsu.edu Department of Sociology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341-2446, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2009:i:1:p:1-17:d:66232010-10-15RePEc

article Traditionally, high initial capital costs and lengthy payback periods have been identified as the most significant barriers that limit the diffusion of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. In November, 2006, the Ontario Power Authority (OPA) introduced the Renewable Energy Standard Offer Program (RESOP), offering owners of solar PV systems with a generation capacity under 10 MW a 20 year contract to sell electricity back to the grid at a guaranteed rate of CAD $0.42/kWh. While it is the intent of incentive programs such as the RESOP to begin to lower financial barriers in order to increase the uptake of solar PV systems, there is no guarantee that the level of participation will in fact rise. The "on-the-ground" manner in which consumers interact with such an incentive program ultimately determines its effectiveness. This paper analyzes the relationship between the RESOP and solar PV system consumers. Experiences of current RESOP participants are presented, wherein the factors that are either hindering or promoting utilization of the RESOP and the adoption of solar PV systems are identified. solar; energy; photovoltaics; policy; renewable energy; diffusion; Ontario; electricity; Canada 1 2009 2 12 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/30/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/30/ text/html Chris Adachi chris.adachi@gmail.com Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada Ian H. Rowlands irowland@uwaterloo.ca Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-11:d:76212010-10-15RePEc

article Research has pointed out opportunities and research agendas to integrate sustainability issues with supply chain and operations management. However, we find that it is still not mainstream practice to systematically take a sustainability approach in tackling supply chain and operations management issues. In this paper, we make use of behavioral theory to explain the current lack of integration. We conclude through abductive reasoning that the reasons for procrastinating integration of sustainability in supply chain and operations management research are the conflicting nature of the task and the inherent context, which is the focus on operations rather than environmental or social issues. abductive reasoning; supply chain management; sustainability; procrastination; behavioral theory 4 2010 2 3 Sustainability 1 11 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/859/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/859/ text/html Marisa P. de Brito m.p.debrito@tudelft.nl Delft University of Technology, Postbus 5015, 2628 GA, Delft, The Netherlands AfL-NHTV University of Applied Sciences, Postbus 3917, 4800 DX Breda, The Netherlands Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, P.O. Box 1738, 3000DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Erwin A. van der Laan elaan@rsm.nl Delft University of Technology, Postbus 5015, 2628 GA, Delft, The Netherlands AfL-NHTV University of Applied Sciences, Postbus 3917, 4800 DX Breda, The Netherlands Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, P.O. Box 1738, 3000DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-14:d:67592010-10-15RePEc

article The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that influence earned income of organic farmers explicitly incorporating farmer decisions to engage in local selling. The stochastic frontier model identifies role model producers who are the most technically efficient in achieving the maximum output that is feasible with a given set of inputs along with farm and demographic factors that enhance efficiency. Organic earnings equations that control for producer and farm characteristics reveal that organic farmers who are involved in local sales achieve lower earnings. Producer involvement in local sales has little impact on observed technical efficiency on organic farms. local foods; technical efficiency; stochastic frontier; Organic Farming Research Foundation 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/189/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/189/ text/html Luanne Lohr llohr@ers.usda.gov Food and Specialty Crops, Economic Research Service, USDA, 1800 M. St. NW, Washington, DC 20036-5831, USA Food Marketing Branch, Economic Research Service, USDA, 1800 M. St. NW, Washington, DC 20036-5831, USA Timothy Park tapark@ers.usda.gov Food and Specialty Crops, Economic Research Service, USDA, 1800 M. St. NW, Washington, DC 20036-5831, USA Food Marketing Branch, Economic Research Service, USDA, 1800 M. St. NW, Washington, DC 20036-5831, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-16:d:53982010-10-15RePEc

article Sustainable management of a region’s critical and valued ecosystem resources requires an understanding about how these resource systems might function into the future. In urbanized areas, this requires the ability to frame the role of resources within the context of urban dynamics and the implications of policy and investment choices. In this paper we describe a three-step approach to assessing the impact of future urban development on ecosystem services: 1) characterize key ecosystem resources and services, 2) forecast future land-use changes, and 3) assess how future land-use changes will affect ecosystem services. Each of these steps can be carried out with different levels of sophistication and detail. All steps involve a combination of science and process: the science provides information that is deliberated upon by stakeholders in public forums before conclusions are drawn. We then illustrate the approach by describing how it was used in two regions in the state of Illinois in the United States. In the first instance, an early application of this approach, a simple overlay was used to identify development pressure on an environmentally sensitive river bluff; this finding altered thinking about public policy choices. In the second instance, the more fine-grained analysis was conducted for several ecosystem services. land use; urban modeling; sustainable development 3 2009 1 7 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/346/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/346/ text/html Brian Deal deal@illinois.edu University of Illinois/Department of Urban and Regional Planning, 611 Taft Dr, Champaign, IL 61820, USA American University of Sharjah, School of Architecture and Design, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Varkki Pallathucheril vpallathucheril@aus.edu University of Illinois/Department of Urban and Regional Planning, 611 Taft Dr, Champaign, IL 61820, USA American University of Sharjah, School of Architecture and Design, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-14:d:71332010-10-15RePEc

article This study investigated the relationships between car parking, public transport, travel behaviors, and health outcomes for adults (n = 1,188) traveling to a worksite. Public transport was used for 12.1% of the work-related commute. Those who had higher levels of walking, no worksite car park access, lived proximal to a public transport stop, had limited automobile availability, traveled to the main business district, perceived public transport as accessible, or did not have company car access were more likely to use public transportation. Accordingly, proximal residential transit stops and restrictions for company car accessibility and parking at the worksite are needed. adults; car parking; public transport; physical activity; global positioning systems 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/576/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/576/ text/html Hannah M. Badland hannah.badland@aut.ac.nz Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, New Zealand Nick Garrett nick.garrett@aut.ac.nz Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, New Zealand Grant M. Schofield gschofie@aut.ac.nz Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, New Zealand

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-14:d:82722010-10-15RePEc

article For those who have access to them, technologies of various sorts play a key role in maintaining connections between small and geographically dispersed settlements and to the wider World. For technologies to work in remote areas, there must be a framework of adaptability which ensures that users can adapt their practices to suit the new technology, technologies can be customised for local conditions, and an institutional infrastructure (including a regulatory environment) allows these adaptations to occur. In recent times, remote Australia’s “power to persuade” government to consider its needs when designing regulatory environments has diminished as a result of the changing nature of remote economies. This paper uses two case examples—that of air transport technology and that of communications technology—to demonstrate how a poor regulatory environment in effect increases the isolation of remote settlements. In the case of air transport, over regulation has made the cost of adoption and access too high for many remote dwellers. In the case of communications technology, de-regulation has made it difficult for remote dwellers to demand equity of access to infrastructure. We conclude by suggesting that regulatory systems need to be more aware of the unique conditions facing remote populations. Research into the persistently low rates of technology adoption in remote areas needs to be more cognizant of the regulatory adaptability aspect. technology adoption; regulatory system; remote Australia; air transport regulation; communications technology 5 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1282/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1282/ text/html Dean Carson dean.carson@cdu.edu.au School for Social and Policy Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia Centre for Rural Health and Community Development, University of South Australia, 111 Nicolson Avenue, Whyalla Norrie, South Australia, 5608, Australia Jen Cleary jen.cleary@unisa.edu.au School for Social and Policy Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia Centre for Rural Health and Community Development, University of South Australia, 111 Nicolson Avenue, Whyalla Norrie, South Australia, 5608, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-25:d:58642010-10-15RePEc

article The paper aims to develop a practice and evaluation model for public open spaces in residential areas that considers water sensitive urban design techniques contributing to place-making. water sensitive urban design; place-making; public open spaces 4 2009 1 9 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/789/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/789/ text/html Byron Vernon Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth Western Australia 6845, Australia Reena Tiwari R.Tiwari@curtin.edu.au Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth Western Australia 6845, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-12:d:46202010-10-15RePEc

article As acceptance of the concept of agricultural sustainability has grown, it has become increasingly recognized that notions of sustainability and how to promote it will necessarily vary depending on the commodity in question. It thus becomes important to investigate how movements towards sustainability are emerging for different commodities. The objective of our paper is to present the results of an analysis of Washington wheat producers that investigates the degree to which interest in sustainability exists amongst those farmers and whether structural factors and farmer personal characteristics are more or less significant than social network factors in explaining farmers’ views of possible sustainable methods. Our findings indicate that a measure indicating use of local social networks to gain information is associated with a higher degree of interest in new production methods aimed at improving agricultural sustainability. Agricultural Sustainability; Social Networks; Alternative; Wheat 2 2009 1 4 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/120/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/120/ text/html Raymond A. Jussaume Jr. rajussaume@wsu.edu Department of Community and Rural Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4006, USA Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Leland Glenna llg13@psu.edu Department of Community and Rural Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4006, USA Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:1:p:1-8:d:42092010-10-15RePEc

article As many of us begin to embrace the concept of sustainability, we realize that it is not simply something that we ‘do.’ Rather, sustainability is a destination that we aspire to reach with the selection of the sustainable pathways that we choose as we proceed along the journey. We are embarking on a new journey with the creation of <i>Sustainability</i>, an on-line, open access journal. As stated on the journal’s website, <i>Sustainability</i> is an international and cross-disciplinary scholarly journal of environmental, cultural, economic and social sustainability of human beings, which provides an advanced forum for studies that are related to sustainability and sustainable development. To genuinely wrap our brains around the impact that our actions have on the sustainability of our planet, we must first understand something of the big picture and have a firm grasp of the terminology. To help further clarify the elusive term ‘sustainability,’ without attempting to provide an exact definition, this paper outlines various, inter-related concepts and basic practices and approaches that are being used in the name of sustainability, including: traditional end-of-pipe control strategies, life cycle, environmental sustainability, urban sustainability, industrial ecology, business sustainability, sustainable supply chain systems, sustainability indicators and metrics, green chemistry and green engineering, design for the environment, sustainable buildings, eco-tourism, and renewable and sustainable energy and fuels. Sustainability; sustainable development; life cycle; industrial ecology; supply chain; green chemistry; green engineering; design for the environment; eco-tourism; energy 1 2009 1 3 Sustainability 1 8 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/5/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/5/ text/html Mary Ann Curran curran.maryann@epa.gov US EPA, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:3:p:1-4:d:90372010-10-15RePEc

article Ion Juvina found an error in our manuscript published in Games. [...] n/a 3 2010 1 7 Games 1 4 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/221/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/221/ text/html Ido Erev erev@tx.technion.ac.il Max Wertheimer Minerva Center for Cognitive Studies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel Computer Laboratory for Experimental Research, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, 02163, USA Department of Economics, 308 Littauer, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Harvard Business School, 441 Baker Library, Boston, MA 02163, USA Eyal Ert eert@hbs.edu Max Wertheimer Minerva Center for Cognitive Studies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel Computer Laboratory for Experimental Research, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, 02163, USA Department of Economics, 308 Littauer, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Harvard Business School, 441 Baker Library, Boston, MA 02163, USA Alvin E. Roth aroth@hbs.edu Max Wertheimer Minerva Center for Cognitive Studies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel Computer Laboratory for Experimental Research, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, 02163, USA Department of Economics, 308 Littauer, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Harvard Business School, 441 Baker Library, Boston, MA 02163, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-20:d:55912010-10-15RePEc

article Concern for the environment and a move towards “sustainable development” has assisted progress in a wide range of renewable energy technologies in recent years. The science suggests that a transition from fossil fuels to sustainable sources of energy in a time frame commensurate with the demise of the fossil fuels and prevention of runaway climate change is needed. However, while the movement towards sustainable energy technologies is underway, the World does not want to give up the idea of continuing economic growth. In recent times the financial collapse of October 2008 has given rise to yet another set of pleas from corporations and politicians alike to restart the growth machine. The transition to renewable energy technologies will be difficult to achieve as nowhere within existing economic and political frameworks are the limits to when growth will be curtailed being set. It is possible that the irrational insistence on endless growth as a non negotiable axiom, by a large proportion of the world’s population, may in fact be akin to the similarly irrational belief, by a similarly large proportion of the world’s population, that a supernatural being controls our existence and destiny. The irrationality of religion has recently been examined by Richard Dawkins in “The God Delusion”. Dawkins’ book is used as a starting point to investigate similarities between a belief in God and a belief in continuous growth. growth; peak oil; climate change; religion 3 2009 1 8 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/516/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/516/ text/html Bob Lloyd boblloyd@physics.otago.ac.nz Department of Physics, Otago University, 730 Cumberland St., Dunedin 9016, New Zealand

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:2:p:1-21:d:87842010-10-15RePEc

article The literature on International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) predicts a rather low number of signatories to an IEA. This is in sharp contrast to empirical evidence. As experimental economics provides some evidence for more complex human behavior, extending the theory of IEAs to a broader class of preferences is clearly promising. The present paper shows that where countries’ preferences incorporate justice and fairness there will be a strong incentive for them to choose similar abatement policies within and outside an IEA. Consequently, free-riding at the expense of the signatory states diminishes and participation in an IEA becomes a more successful strategy, so that the size of stable IEAs increases. International Environmental Agreements; coalition formation; justice and fairness 2 2010 1 6 Games 1 21 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/2/137/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/2/137/ text/html Christine Grüning Department of Business Administration and Economics, European University Viadrina, PO Box 1786, D-15207 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany Wolfgang Peters peters@euv-frankfurt-o.de Department of Business Administration and Economics, European University Viadrina, PO Box 1786, D-15207 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:1:p:1-15:d:43862010-10-15RePEc

article Grown in Jamaica since the days of slavery, food yams are major staples in local diets and a significant non-traditional export crop. The cultivation system used today is the same as 300 years ago, with alleged unsustainable practices. A new cultivation system called minisett was introduced in 1985 but the adoption rate twenty four years later is extremely low. This paper analyzes the prospects for the widespread adoption of minisett and sustainable yam cultivation and advocates that greater use be made of farmers’ extensive knowledge of the complex agro-ecological, socio-cultural and economic milieu in which they operate. minisett; innovation diffusion; innovation adoption; sustainable agriculture; yams; yam sticks; local knowledge 1 2009 1 3 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/81/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/81/ text/html Clinton L. Beckford Clinton@uwindsor.ca Faculty of Education, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-13:d:88772010-10-15RePEc

article Although social, economic, and cultural indicators are of substantial importance to the concept of sustainable building, this concept is usually related to environmental characteristics. Any building level assessment method is complex and involves contradictory aspects. Moreover, emphasizing qualitative criteria only increases confusion. R&D and standardization are thus concentrated to transparency and usability of the environmental methods. Other directions of research aim at performance-based design and methods to take regional and cultural aspects into account. In this paper, the perspectives of the sustainability assessment of a whole building are presented, based on a state of the art, feasibility study on performance analysis and the development of an extended life-cycle assessment for buildings. Using various tools, and based on the case studies of building sustainability assessment, environmental indicators were often shown to be of lesser importance than the other, soft ones. The first steps in the development of a building sustainability assessment method for Portuguese residential buildings will be presented and discussed in the end. sustainability; assessment; building 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2010/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2010/ text/html Luís Bragança braganca@civil.uminho.pt Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 1000, Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland Ricardo Mateus ricardomateus@civil.uminho.pt Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 1000, Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland Heli Koukkari heli.koukkari@vtt.fi Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, P.O. Box 1000, Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-17:d:69652010-10-15RePEc

article According to the ‘Climate Programme’ the municipality of Amsterdam has the ambition to reduce the CO₂ emissions within the city limits by 40% in the year 2025 compared to the year 1990. To realize this ambition substantial CO₂ savings have to be realized at the 375,000 current houses in the city. A special challenge is formed by the houses of historic and visual importance, as the implementation of standard energy saving measures may conflict with the ambition to protect their cultural and historic values. Nyenrode Business University was asked to study the possibilities for a successful combination of ambitions in both fields. This article shows an overview of suggestions that focus on the combination of technical and process orientated innovations which can contribute to the acceleration of the reduction of CO₂ emissions in houses of historic and visual importance. The article therefore addresses political and technical as well as financial and process related aspects in implementing energy saving measures in this category of buildings. CO₂ reduction; historic buildings; cultural values; scenic quality; balance between preservation and innovation 2 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/443/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/443/ text/html Anke van Hal a.vanhal@nyenrode.nl Center for Sustainability, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 130, 3620 AC, Breukelen, The Netherlands Faculty of Architecture, Department Real Estate & Housing, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands Birgit Dulski b.dulski@nyenrode.nl Center for Sustainability, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 130, 3620 AC, Breukelen, The Netherlands Faculty of Architecture, Department Real Estate & Housing, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands Anne Marij Postel am.postel@nyenrode.nl Center for Sustainability, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 130, 3620 AC, Breukelen, The Netherlands Faculty of Architecture, Department Real Estate & Housing, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-13:d:68142010-10-15RePEc

article It is clear that globalisation is something more than a purely economic phenomenon manifesting itself on a global scale. Among the visible manifestations of globalisation are the greater international movement of goods and services, financial capital, information and people. In addition, there are technological developments, more international cultural exchanges, facilitated by the freer trade of more differentiated products as well as by tourism and immigration, changes in the political landscape and ecological consequences. In this paper, we link the Maastricht Globalisation Index with Sustainability Indices to analyse if more globalised countries are doing better in terms of sustainable development and its dimensions. The results seem to suggest that the process of globalisation may render world development more sustainable. globalisation; indicators; sustainable development 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/280/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/280/ text/html Pim Martens p.martens@maastrichtuniversity.nl International Centre for Integrated Assessment and Sustainable Development (ICIS), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands Mohsin Raza m.raza@maastrichtuniversity.nl International Centre for Integrated Assessment and Sustainable Development (ICIS), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-33:d:57702010-10-15RePEc

article Increasing crop production, while maintaining sustainability, is a priority for agricultural development projects, particularly in developing countries. This study investigated the factors contributing to the effectiveness of agricultural development projects in improving the sustainability of cropping systems in a small upland watershed in south-west China. This involved a review of recent related projects and detailed evaluation of one project: the SHASEA Project. Farmers’ perceptions of several agricultural technologies are discussed, along with factors contributing to farmers’ adoption of these technologies. Local, national and international institutions need to adopt several strategies to improve project effectiveness and agro-environmental sustainability. sustainable agriculture; technological effectiveness; technology adoption/adaptation 3 2009 1 9 Sustainability 1 33 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/628/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/628/ text/html Madhu Subedi M.Subedi@wlv.ac.uk School of Applied Sciences, The University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK Trevor J. Hocking T.J.Hocking@wlv.ac.uk School of Applied Sciences, The University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK Michael A. Fullen M.Fullen@wlv.ac.uk School of Applied Sciences, The University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK Alison R. McCrea A.R.Mccrea@wlv.ac.uk School of Applied Sciences, The University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK Eleanor Milne em192@le.ac.uk School of Applied Sciences, The University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:10:p:1-36:d:97612010-10-15RePEc

article The switchgrass-driven process for producing ethanol has received much popular attention. However, a realistic analysis of this process indicates three serious limitations: (a) If switchgrass planted on 140 million hectares (the entire area of active U.S. cropland) were used as feedstock and energy source for ethanol production, the net ethanol yield would replace on average about 20% of today’s gasoline consumption in the U.S. (b) Because nonrenewable resources are required to produce ethanol from switchgrass, the incremental gas emissions would be on average 55 million tons of equivalent carbon dioxide per year to replace just 10% of U.S. automotive gasoline. (c) In terms of delivering electrical or mechanical power, ethanol from 1 hectare (10,000 m2) of switchgrass is equivalent, on average, to 30 m2 of low-efficiency photovoltaic cells. This analysis suggests that investing toward more efficient and durable solar cells, and batteries, may be more promising than investing in a process to convert switchgrass to ethanol. cellulose; yield; conservation law; GHG emissions; monte carlo 10 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 36 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/10/3158/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/10/3158/ text/html Tadeusz W. Patzek patzek@mail.utexas.edu Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-33:d:63592010-10-15RePEc

article The objectives of this article are to: (1) investigate the current state of knowledge of the risks of engineered nanoparticles for the environment and human health, (2) estimate whether this knowledge is sufficient to facilitate their comprehensive and effective risk assessment and (3) provide recommendations on future research in the field of risk assessment of nanomaterials. In order to meet the objectives, the relevance of each of the four steps of the risk assessment methodology (<em>i.e.</em>, hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization) was evaluated in the context of the current state of knowledge of the risks of nanomaterials, limitations were identified and recommendations were given on how to overcome them. engineered nanoparticles; risk assessment; hazard identification; dose-response assessment; exposure assessment; risk characterization; environmental sustainability; human health 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 33 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1161/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1161/ text/html Danail Hristozov danail_hr83@yahoo.com Malsch TechnoValuation, Vondellaan 90, 3521 GH Utrecht, The Netherlands Ineke Malsch postbus@malsch.demon.nl Malsch TechnoValuation, Vondellaan 90, 3521 GH Utrecht, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-9:d:96362010-10-15RePEc

article In the present paper, an analytical presentation of some popular aluminium systems that contribute to sustainability of structures is presented. Special emphasis has been given to the properties of aluminium, while the influence of these systems in the overall performance of the structure regarding environment and economy is described. In particular, characteristics of aluminium elements such as high reflectivity and recyclability and their role in life cycle analysis (LCA) are analyzed. The connections between energy efficiency and conservation of buildings and aluminium application are also discussed. Building applications such as curtain walls, window frames and facade sheets are presented and thoroughly investigated, considering their environmental and economic aspects. Furthermore, many innovative techniques that use aluminium elements in collaboration with other systems in order to produce renewable energy, such as solar panels and photovoltaics, are introduced. Finally, environmental innovations such as optimized ventilation mechanisms and light and shade management systems based on aluminium members are presented. sustainability; structural aluminium; sustainable constructions; aluminium building systems 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 9 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/3100/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/3100/ text/html Evangelos Efthymiou vefth@civil.auth.gr Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Metal Structures, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Greece Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Yasar University, Yasar University Selcuk Campus 35-37, Bornova, Izmir, PK 35100, Turkey Department of Urban Design and Planning, Faculty of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Via Toledo 402, Naples, 80134, Italy Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Metal Structures, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Greece Öget N. Cöcen ogetcocen@gmail.com Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Metal Structures, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Greece Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Yasar University, Yasar University Selcuk Campus 35-37, Bornova, Izmir, PK 35100, Turkey Department of Urban Design and Planning, Faculty of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Via Toledo 402, Naples, 80134, Italy Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Metal Structures, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Greece Sergio R. Ermolli russermo@unina.it Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Metal Structures, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Greece Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Yasar University, Yasar University Selcuk Campus 35-37, Bornova, Izmir, PK 35100, Turkey Department of Urban Design and Planning, Faculty of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Via Toledo 402, Naples, 80134, Italy Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Metal Structures, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Greece

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-14:d:71612010-10-15RePEc

article In 1991, development economist and American public intellectual Albert O. Hirschman wrote the <i>Rhetoric of Reaction </i>[1]. In this book, which was prescient of more contemporary popular books such as Naomi Klein’s <i>The Shock Doctrine</i> [2] and James C. Scott’s <i>Seeing Like a State</i> [3], Hirschman proposed a way to understand the kinds of arguments made by conservatives about proposals for change. His compelling trilogy of modes of arguments included arguments of perversity, futility, and jeopardy. I argue here that this schema can additionally be used as a way to understand the limits that are seen to exist to approaching sustainable development. I will demonstrate the pervasiveness of arguments that our best attempts to move toward sustainability in our cities today may present threats that are just as grave as those of not acting. This exercise serves two purposes. One is to urge those who would call themselves sustainability scholars to think critically and carefully about the lines of thought and action that may separate different sustainability motivations from the far reaches of interdisciplinary work in this field. The other is to suggest that, because of the persistence of certain kinds of arguments about the impossibility of sustainability, suggestive of deep and enduring instincts of doubt through human history, we should be skeptical of the legitimacy of these claims about the limitations of achieving sustainable development. sustainable development; Albert O. Hirschman; pragmatism; planning; social change 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/645/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/645/ text/html Meg Holden mholden@sfu.ca Urban Studies Program, Simon Fraser University, 2nd Floor, 515 W. Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 5K3, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2009:i:1:p:1-28:d:66222010-10-15RePEc

article This paper presents the Structural Mental Model Approach aimed at understanding differences in perception between experts and farmers regarding the various livelihood risks farmers are confronted with. The SMMA combines the Sustainable Livelihood Framework with the Mental Model Approach and consists of three steps: (i) definition and weighting of different livelihood capitals; (ii) analysis of livelihood dynamics, and (iii) definition of the social capital by means of agent networks. The results provide a sound basis for the design of sustainable policy interventions such as communication and educational programs which consider farmers’ priorities and viewpoints. mental models; sustainable rural livelihood; livelihood risks of farmers; developing countries 1 2009 2 12 Sustainability 1 28 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/1/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/1/ text/html Claudia R. Binder claudia.binder@geo.uzh.ch Social and Industrial Ecology, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18, A-8010 Graz, Austria These authors contributed equally to this work. Regina Schöll regina.schoell@geo.uzh.ch Social and Industrial Ecology, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18, A-8010 Graz, Austria These authors contributed equally to this work.

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-18:d:87142010-10-15RePEc

article Over the decades, the <em>Zabaleen</em>, the traditional waste (garbage) collectors of Cairo, have created what is arguably one of the world’s most efficient and sustainable resource-recovery and waste-recycling systems. Yet the continuation of this intricate relationship between community, environment and livelihood is jeopardized by the official privatization of municipal solid waste (MSW) services through contracts with technology-intensive multinational corporations which threatens the sustainability of the garbage collectors’ communities by removing access to their chief economic asset, waste or garbage. The situation is exacerbated by an official policy of moving the <em>Zabaleen </em>and their MSW sorting, recovery, trading and recycling activities further out of the city, on the grounds that this will turn their neighbourhoods into cleaner and healthier living environments. The consumption of Cairo’s sites of MSW collection and sorting open new socio-political spaces for conflict between multi-national companies and the <em>Zabaleen</em>’s traditional system. This is further indicated in the way Cairo’s waste materials have been subjected to new claims and conflict, as they are seen as a ‘commodity’ by global capital entrepreneurs and multi-national corporations, and as a source of ‘livelihood’ by the disadvantaged and marginalised <em>Zabaleen </em>population. Cairo-Garbage; City-Zabaleen garbage; collectors-municipal solid waste management 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1765/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1765/ text/html Wael Fahmi uders2004@yahoo.co.uk Department of Architecture, University of Helwan, 34, Abdel Hamid Lofti Street, Giza, 12311, Egypt School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK Keith Sutton k.sutton@manchester.ac.uk Department of Architecture, University of Helwan, 34, Abdel Hamid Lofti Street, Giza, 12311, Egypt School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-11:d:59112010-10-15RePEc

article Sustainable consumption is a core policy objective within the UK Government’s Sustainable Development Strategy and there is a growing awareness that retailers have a vital role to play in promoting more sustainable patterns of consumption. This paper explores how the UK’s top ten food retailers are communicating sustainable consumption agendas to their customers within stores in the towns of Cheltenham and Gloucester. The findings reveal that while these retailers are providing customers with some information on sustainable consumption the dominant thrust of marketing communication within stores is designed to encourage consumption. The paper concludes with some reflections on how sustainable consumption fits into the large food retailers’ business models. sustainable consumption; UK food retailers; marketing communications 4 2009 1 10 Sustainability 1 11 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/815/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/815/ text/html Peter Jones pjones@glos.ac.uk Business School, University of Gloucestershire, Park Campus, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL50 2RH, UK Centre for Police Science, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Wales, CF37 1DL, UK Daphne Comfort dcomfort@glos.ac.uk Business School, University of Gloucestershire, Park Campus, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL50 2RH, UK Centre for Police Science, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Wales, CF37 1DL, UK David Hillier dhillier@glam.ac.uk Business School, University of Gloucestershire, Park Campus, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL50 2RH, UK Centre for Police Science, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Wales, CF37 1DL, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-9:d:93412010-10-15RePEc

article With climate change exacerbating over-exploitation, groundwater scarcity looms as an increasingly critical issue worldwide. Minimizing the adverse effects of scarcity requires optimal as well as sustainable patterns of groundwater management. We review the many sustainable paths for groundwater extraction from a coastal aquifer and show how to find the particular sustainable path that is welfare maximizing. In some cases the optimal path converges to the maximum sustainable yield. For sufficiently convex extraction costs, the extraction path converges to an internal steady state above the level of maximum sustainable yield. We describe the challenges facing groundwater managers faced with multiple aquifers, the prospect of using recycled water, and the interdependence with watershed management. The integrated water management thus described results in less water scarcity and higher total welfare gains from groundwater use. The framework also can be applied to climate-change specifications about the frequency, duration, and intensity of precipitation by comparing before and after optimal management. For the case of South Oahu in Hawaii, the prospect of climate change increases the gains of integrated<strong> </strong>groundwater management. sustainability science; groundwater economics; dynamic optimization 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 9 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2676/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2676/ text/html James A. Roumasset jimr@hawaii.edu Department of Economics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2424 Maile Way, Saunders Hall 542, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization, 2424 Maile Way, Saunders Hall 540, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Christopher A. Wada cawada@hawaii.edu Department of Economics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2424 Maile Way, Saunders Hall 542, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization, 2424 Maile Way, Saunders Hall 540, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-25:d:93362010-10-15RePEc

article The global future lies before us as a highly uncertain and contested landscape with numerous perils along the way. This study explores possible pathways to sustainability by considering in quantitative detail four contrasting scenarios for the twenty-first century. The analysis reveals vividly the risks of conventional development approaches and the real danger of socio-ecological descent. Nonetheless, the paper underscores that a Great Transition scenario—turning toward a civilization of enhanced human well-being and environmental resilience—remains an option, and identifies a suite of strategic and value changes for getting there. A fundamental shift in the development paradigm is found to be an urgent necessity for assuring a sustainable future and, as well, a hopeful opportunity for creating a world of enriched lives, human amity, and a healthy ecosphere. sustainability; scenarios; global; simulation; development; climate; energy; water; hunger; agriculture 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2626/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2626/ text/html Paul D. Raskin praskin@tellus.org Tellus Institute, 11 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116, USA Christi Electris celectris@tellus.org Tellus Institute, 11 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116, USA Richard A. Rosen rrosen@tellus.org Tellus Institute, 11 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-25:d:89272010-10-15RePEc

article Using respective strengths of the biological, physical, and social sciences, we are developing an online decision support tool, the Santa Cruz Watershed Ecosystem Portfolio Model (SCWEPM), to help promote the use of information relevant to water allocation and land management in a binational watershed along the U.S.-Mexico border. The SCWEPM will include an ES valuation system within a suite of linked regional driver-response models and will use a multicriteria scenario-evaluation framework that builds on GIS analysis and spatially-explicit models that characterize important ecological, economic, and societal endpoints and consequences that are sensitive to climate patterns, regional water budgets, and regional LULC change in the SCW. arid lands; climate change; decision support tool; drought; drylands; ecosystem portfolio model; ecosystem services; environmental justice; socio-ecologic vulnerability 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2044/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2044/ text/html Laura Norman lnorman@usgs.gov U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 520 N. Park Avenue, Suite #102K, Tucson, AZ 85719-5035, USA Environmental Sciences Division, Landscape Ecology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA Sustainabile Technology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA Office of Arid Lands Studies, The University of Arizona, 1955 East Sixth St., Tucson, AZ 85741, USA Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, 208/West Stadium, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA Nita Tallent-Halsell Tallent-Halsell.Nita@epamail.epa.gov U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 520 N. Park Avenue, Suite #102K, Tucson, AZ 85719-5035, USA Environmental Sciences Division, Landscape Ecology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA Sustainabile Technology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA Office of Arid Lands Studies, The University of Arizona, 1955 East Sixth St., Tucson, AZ 85741, USA Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, 208/West Stadium, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA William Labiosa blabiosa@usgs.gov U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 520 N. Park Avenue, Suite #102K, Tucson, AZ 85719-5035, USA Environmental Sciences Division, Landscape Ecology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA Sustainabile Technology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA Office of Arid Lands Studies, The University of Arizona, 1955 East Sixth St., Tucson, AZ 85741, USA Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, 208/West Stadium, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA Matt Weber Weber.Matthew@epamail.epa.gov U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 520 N. Park Avenue, Suite #102K, Tucson, AZ 85719-5035, USA Environmental Sciences Division, Landscape Ecology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA Sustainabile Technology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA Office of Arid Lands Studies, The University of Arizona, 1955 East Sixth St., Tucson, AZ 85741, USA Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, 208/West Stadium, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA Amy McCoy amccoy@email.arizona.edu U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 520 N. Park Avenue, Suite #102K, Tucson, AZ 85719-5035, USA Environmental Sciences Division, Landscape Ecology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA Sustainabile Technology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA Office of Arid Lands Studies, The University of Arizona, 1955 East Sixth St., Tucson, AZ 85741, USA Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, 208/West Stadium, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA Katie Hirschboeck katie@ltrr.arizona.edu U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 520 N. Park Avenue, Suite #102K, Tucson, AZ 85719-5035, USA Environmental Sciences Division, Landscape Ecology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA Sustainabile Technology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA Office of Arid Lands Studies, The University of Arizona, 1955 East Sixth St., Tucson, AZ 85741, USA Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, 208/West Stadium, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA James Callegary jcallega@usgs.gov U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 520 N. Park Avenue, Suite #102K, Tucson, AZ 85719-5035, USA Environmental Sciences Division, Landscape Ecology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA Sustainabile Technology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA Office of Arid Lands Studies, The University of Arizona, 1955 East Sixth St., Tucson, AZ 85741, USA Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, 208/West Stadium, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA Charles van Riper III charles_van_riper@usgs.gov U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 520 N. Park Avenue, Suite #102K, Tucson, AZ 85719-5035, USA Environmental Sciences Division, Landscape Ecology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA Sustainabile Technology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA Office of Arid Lands Studies, The University of Arizona, 1955 East Sixth St., Tucson, AZ 85741, USA Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, 208/West Stadium, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA Floyd Gray fgray@usgs.gov U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, 520 N. Park Avenue, Suite #102K, Tucson, AZ 85719-5035, USA Environmental Sciences Division, Landscape Ecology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 East Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA Sustainabile Technology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA Office of Arid Lands Studies, The University of Arizona, 1955 East Sixth St., Tucson, AZ 85741, USA Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, The University of Arizona, 208/West Stadium, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-8:d:89742010-10-15RePEc

article The spreading of poultry litter in recent years has led to a serious increase in levels of eutrophication, nitrate leaching, high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), ammonia toxicity, high chlorine concentrations and pathogen contamination. The review presented here details the optimum standards that should be met when storing litter for On-Farm Fluidized Bed Combustion. Storage conditions are paramount to a fuel combusting to its highest possible potential. Safety measures such as the prevention of leaching and spontaneous combustion must be adhered to, so too should the prevention and containment of possible diseases and pathogens to minimize the effects of contamination. biosecurity; storage; welfare; sustainable; energy 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 8 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2135/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2135/ text/html Barry Bowen barry.bowen@ucd.ie Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Food and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Department of Chemical & Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, County Limerick, Ireland Declan Lynch declan.lynch@ucdconnect.ie Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Food and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Department of Chemical & Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, County Limerick, Ireland Deirdre Lynch Deirdre.lynch@staffmail.ul.ie Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Food and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Department of Chemical & Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, County Limerick, Ireland Anne Marie Henihan anne.marie.henihan@ul.ie Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Food and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Department of Chemical & Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, County Limerick, Ireland James J. Leahy j.j.leahy@ul.ie Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Food and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Department of Chemical & Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, County Limerick, Ireland Kevin McDonnell kevin.mcdonnell@ucd.ie Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Food and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Department of Chemical & Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, County Limerick, Ireland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-26:d:62142010-10-15RePEc

article This study is dedicated to the assessment of the possibility of replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy as a source of power in modern agriculture. We examined the use of a completely sustainable agricultural mechanization system based on a renewable energy system and a battery powered, multi-purpose agricultural vehicle. This assessment is based on the RAMseS project, financed by the European Commission under the 6^th Framework Program, which has led to the actual manufacturing of the system, at present being tested in Lebanon. In the present study, we assess the environmental and economic performance of the RAMseS system. We evaluate the external costs by means of a specific model that takes into account the life-cycle cost (LCC), economical indexes, and life-cycle emissions for the vehicle during its life span. The results are compared with those of a standard vehicle based on the internal combustion engine (ICEV). The results show that the RAMseS system can avoid the emission of about 23 ton of CO_2equ per year. The life cycle cost (LCC) assessment using MATLAB software shows that the LCC for the RAMseS vehicle and the ICEV are the same for a fuel unit price (pf) of 1.45 €/L. Finally, we show that almost 52 % of the RAMseS LCC is due to the batteries of the electric vehicle. A 50% decrease in batteries unit cost would cause the LCC of two system to be the same at a fuel cost of 0.8 €/L. The final result is that the RAMseS system remains—at present— marginally more expensive than an equivalent system based on conventional fuels and internal combustion engines. Nevertheless, with the gradual depletion of fossil fuels, all electric agricultural mechanized system provide an alternative solution that is dependent only on renewable energy and recyclable resources. pollution; environment; agriculture; sustainability; electric vehicles; renewable energies; life-cycle cost 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 26 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1042/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1042/ text/html Hossein Mousazadeh hmousazade@gmail.com Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, University of Tehran, Shahabbasi Sq. Karaj, Iran Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy Dipartimento di Economia Agraria e risorse Territoriali, Università di Firenze, Italy Alireza Keyhani akeyhani@ut.ac.ir Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, University of Tehran, Shahabbasi Sq. Karaj, Iran Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy Dipartimento di Economia Agraria e risorse Territoriali, Università di Firenze, Italy Hossein Mobli hmobli@ut.ac.ir Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, University of Tehran, Shahabbasi Sq. Karaj, Iran Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy Dipartimento di Economia Agraria e risorse Territoriali, Università di Firenze, Italy Ugo Bardi ugo.bardi@unifi.it Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, University of Tehran, Shahabbasi Sq. Karaj, Iran Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy Dipartimento di Economia Agraria e risorse Territoriali, Università di Firenze, Italy Toufic El Asmar elasmar.toufic@unifi.it Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, University of Tehran, Shahabbasi Sq. Karaj, Iran Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy Dipartimento di Economia Agraria e risorse Territoriali, Università di Firenze, Italy

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-22:d:79012010-10-15RePEc

article One of the prerequisites for sustainable development is knowledge, in order to inform coping with sustainability threats and to support innovative sustainability pathways. Transferring knowledge is therefore a fundamental challenge for sustainability, in a context where external knowledge must be integrated with local knowledge in order to promote user-driven action. But effective local co-production of knowledge requires ongoing local access to existing scientific and technical knowledge so that users start on a level playing field. The information technology revolution can be a powerful enabler of such access if intellectual property obstacles can be overcome, with a potential to transform prospects for sustainability in many parts of the world. knowledge for sustainability; co-production of knowledge for sustainability; information technology; open access 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 22 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/993/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/993/ text/html John T. Wilbanks wilbanks@creativecommons.org Science Commons, c/o Creative Commons, 71 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, MS-6038, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA Thomas J. Wilbanks wilbankstj@ornl.gov Science Commons, c/o Creative Commons, 71 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, MS-6038, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-27:d:46152010-10-15RePEc

article The search for water sustainability requires not only a combination of technical and managerial responses, but also firm action against socioeconomic injustices and political inequalities. The recognition of the politicised nature of water problems deserves particular attention in areas marred by long-term trends of environmental degradation and social exclusion. A case study of the Baixada Fluminense, an urbanised wetland in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro, illustrates the challenge to reverse unsustainable practices in situations where water problems have been politically and electorally exploited. The research made use of an interdisciplinary approach to assess past and present initiatives that have attempted, but systematically failed, to restore river ecology and improve water services. The empirical results have important implications for water policy making and urban planning. Water sustainability; water policy; water conflicts; river restoration; environmental justice; integrated water management; Baixada Fluminense; Rio de Janeiro 2 2009 1 4 Sustainability 1 27 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/133/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/133/ text/html Antonio A. R. Ioris a.ioris@abdn.ac.uk Lecturer in Geography, School of Geosciences, and Research Fellow at the Aberdeen Centre for Environmental Sustainability (ACES), University of Aberdeen. Postal address: Department of Geography, Elphinstone Road, AB24 3UF, Aberdeen, UK Doctoral Student, Urban and Regional Planning Research Institute (IPPUR), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Postal address: IPPUR, Prédio da Reitoria, sala 543, Cidade Universitária - llha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil Maria A. M. Costa gelecolabore@yahoo.com.br Lecturer in Geography, School of Geosciences, and Research Fellow at the Aberdeen Centre for Environmental Sustainability (ACES), University of Aberdeen. Postal address: Department of Geography, Elphinstone Road, AB24 3UF, Aberdeen, UK Doctoral Student, Urban and Regional Planning Research Institute (IPPUR), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Postal address: IPPUR, Prédio da Reitoria, sala 543, Cidade Universitária - llha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-30:d:85542010-10-15RePEc

article In the early 1980s, suburbanization and periurbanization processes became widespread in major cities within Spain. An interesting stage of returning to city centers commenced that materialized in the start of rehabilitation policies within historic centers. These processes coincided with weak population growth, an acute industrial economic crisis, and new democratic policies in municipal councils. Three decades later, we may be witnessing similar processes, although with different origins. The consequences of a construction-based economic model have been disastrous in Spain, from both an economic as well as an environmental point of view. The artificial land boom was significant throughout the country, but was especially prominent within the Mediterranean areas that specialize in tourism and real estate (second homes). The burst of the real estate bubble has shown the irrationality of the economic model and the serious social and environmental consequences that the model has entailed. Within this context, some of the territorial transformation processes that occurred in Spain during the real estate boom period are being studied for the first time. Additionally, changes in land policies (urban renewal of centers and urban renewal in general) within the current economic and real estate crisis are analyzed. An urban rehabilitation that gradually includes new spaces for intervention and for introducing new sustainable methods for recovering degraded spaces, such as the Master Plan for Platja de Palma, a mature tourism destination that seeks a final ‘0 CO2 balance’ scenario, among other objectives. metropolitanization; sprawling city; housing prices; development of artificial land; urban rehabilitation 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 30 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1571/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1571/ text/html Jesús M. González Pérez jesus.gonzalez@uib.es Research Group for Sustainability and Territory (GIST), Departament of Earth Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Guillem Colom Building, Cra. de Valldemossa km 7.5., 07006 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-21:d:88312010-10-15RePEc

article The roles that individuals can adopt, or get assigned, in processes of global environmental change, can be analyzed with the help of three ideal-type forms of commitment: as environmental citizens, as political consumers, and as individual moral agents. We offer a discussion of the three roles in the context of sustainability changes in everyday life practices of consumption. Sociological accounts of (sustainability) transitions are discussed with respect to their treatment of the concept of agency vis à vis the objects, technologies, and infrastructures implied in globalizing consumption practices. Using consumption practices as basic units of analysis helps to avoid individualist and privatized accounts of the role of citizen-consumers in environmental change, while making possible a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the personal and the planetary in the process of greening everyday life consumption. citizen-consumers; social practices; sustainable consumption; lifestyle-politics; globalization 7 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 21 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1887/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1887/ text/html Gert Spaargaren Gert.Spaargaren@wur.nl Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8130, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands Peter Oosterveer Peter.Oosterveer@wur.nl Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8130, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-14:d:95772010-10-15RePEc

article The scope of the paper is to overview the different approaches for evaluation of urban infrastructure sustainability. In this context, urban infrastructure covers transportation, energy, water, sewage and information networks as well as waste management and blue-green infrastructure, in terms of both the supply and demand side. A common effort of partners in the European project “C8—Best Practice in Sustainable Urban Infrastructure”, developed under the Cooperation in Science and Technology program (COST), in brief COST C8, was focused on defining the methods, indicators and criteria for evaluation of sustainability, and resulted in a guidebook for decision-makers in local authorities. Here, the COST C8 matrix for simple sustainability assessment of urban infrastructure is applied to The Path (POT) case—a circular memorial and recreational park around the city of Ljubljana, Slovenia. The applicability and acceptance of the matrix in 43 other cases of sustainable urban infrastructure, collected in the COST C8 project, is presented and discussed. sustainability; indicators; urban infrastructures; assessment; matrix 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2950/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2950/ text/html Marjana Šijanec Zavrl marjana.sijanec@gi-zrmk.si Building and Civil Engineering Institute ZRMK, Dimiceva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Faculty of Architecture, Dokuz Eylul University, Tınaztepe Campus Kurucesme, Buca, 35210 Alsancak, Izmir, Turkey Mine Tanac Zeren mine.tanac@deu.edu.tr Building and Civil Engineering Institute ZRMK, Dimiceva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Faculty of Architecture, Dokuz Eylul University, Tınaztepe Campus Kurucesme, Buca, 35210 Alsancak, Izmir, Turkey

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-13:d:89382010-10-15RePEc

article Material recovery from municipal solid waste (MSW) is becoming widely adopted in several developing countries. Residential solid waste is one of the most important components of MSW and the handling practices of the MSW by the generators have a major impact on the quality and quantity of the materials for recovery. This article analyzes the generation and composition of residential solid waste and the handling practices by users in three municipalities in Colombia that have a solid waste management plant (SWMP). The findings show that, although there are significant amounts of useful materials, their handling of the materials as “garbage”, the low recognition of recovery work, and the inadequate storage and source management practices, affect material recovery and the operation of SWMPs. These results may be taken as a reference for this type of municipality, because the solid waste management system and the type of operation of the SWMPs analyzed is similar to all of the SWMPs in the country as well as in other countries in the region. handling practices; material recovery; municipal solid waste; residential solid waste; developing countries 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2070/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2070/ text/html Luis F. Marmolejo luis.marmolejo@correounivalle.edu.co Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia CalRecovery Inc., 2454 Stanwell Drive Concord, CA 94520-4811, USA Sede Zarzal Universidad del Valle/Calle 14 Carrera 8 Esquina. Zarzal, Valle del Cauca, Colombia Luis F. Diaz Ludiaz@Calrecovery.com Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia CalRecovery Inc., 2454 Stanwell Drive Concord, CA 94520-4811, USA Sede Zarzal Universidad del Valle/Calle 14 Carrera 8 Esquina. Zarzal, Valle del Cauca, Colombia Patricia Torres Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia CalRecovery Inc., 2454 Stanwell Drive Concord, CA 94520-4811, USA Sede Zarzal Universidad del Valle/Calle 14 Carrera 8 Esquina. Zarzal, Valle del Cauca, Colombia Mariela García magarcia@univalle.edu.co Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia CalRecovery Inc., 2454 Stanwell Drive Concord, CA 94520-4811, USA Sede Zarzal Universidad del Valle/Calle 14 Carrera 8 Esquina. Zarzal, Valle del Cauca, Colombia Mary H. Burbano mahebuce81@hotmail.com Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia CalRecovery Inc., 2454 Stanwell Drive Concord, CA 94520-4811, USA Sede Zarzal Universidad del Valle/Calle 14 Carrera 8 Esquina. Zarzal, Valle del Cauca, Colombia Carolina Blanco carolina.blancomoreno@hotmail.com Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia CalRecovery Inc., 2454 Stanwell Drive Concord, CA 94520-4811, USA Sede Zarzal Universidad del Valle/Calle 14 Carrera 8 Esquina. Zarzal, Valle del Cauca, Colombia Katherine Erazo katherineerazo777@hotmail.com Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia CalRecovery Inc., 2454 Stanwell Drive Concord, CA 94520-4811, USA Sede Zarzal Universidad del Valle/Calle 14 Carrera 8 Esquina. Zarzal, Valle del Cauca, Colombia Jairo F. Pereira jairop045@hotmail.com Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia CalRecovery Inc., 2454 Stanwell Drive Concord, CA 94520-4811, USA Sede Zarzal Universidad del Valle/Calle 14 Carrera 8 Esquina. Zarzal, Valle del Cauca, Colombia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-17:d:89682010-10-15RePEc

article Higher education institutions play a leading role in sustainability efforts nationwide. Not only do these institutions require large quantities of energy to function but also their research role often lays the groundwork for social transformation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the annual greenhouse gas emissions primarily from energy usage at Louisiana State University. Total energy use is 2.43 million MMBtu resulting in per capita GHG emissions of 6.1 Metric Tons CO₂e, which is low compared to many other universities because of lower utility costs. This calculation does not account for total indirect energy use by the university community. Several alternatives for reducing energy use and emissions are considered. sustainability; greenhouse gas inventory; higher education; carbon footprint 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2117/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2117/ text/html Matthew Moerschbaecher mmoers1@lsu.edu Department of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University, 2231 Energy, Coast and Environment Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, 2237 Energy, Coast, and Environment Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA John W. Day Jr. johnday@lsu.edu Department of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University, 2231 Energy, Coast and Environment Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, 2237 Energy, Coast, and Environment Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-21:d:81572010-10-15RePEc

article Social and environmental factors affecting land use change are among the most significant drivers transforming the planet. Such change has been and continues to be monitored through the use of satellite imagery, aerial photography, and technical reports. While these monitoring tools are useful in observing the empirical results of land use change and issues of sustainability, the data they provide are often not useful in capturing the fundamental policies, social drivers, and unseen factors that shape how landscapes are transformed. In addition, some monitoring approaches can be prohibitively expensive and too slow in providing useful data at a timescale in which data are needed. This paper argues that techniques using information fusion and conducting assessments of continuous data feeds can be beneficial for monitoring primary social and ecological mechanisms affecting how geographic settings are changed over different time scales. We present a computational approach that couples open source tools in order to conduct an analysis of text data, helping to determine relevant events and trends. To demonstrate the approach, we discuss a case study that integrates varied newspapers from two Midwest states in the United States, Iowa and Nebraska, showing how potentially significant issues and events can be captured. Although the approach we present is useful for monitoring current web-based data streams, we argue that such a method should ultimately be integrated closely with less managed systems and modeling techniques to enhance not only land use monitoring but also to better forecast and understand landscape change. monitoring; land use; information fusion; social-ecological; data mining; modeling 5 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 21 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1182/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1182/ text/html Mark R. Altaweel mraltawe@uchicago.edu Computation Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, RI 405, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Resilience and Adaptive Management Group, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3101 Science Circle, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA Lilian N. Alessa afla@uaa.alaska.edu Computation Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, RI 405, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Resilience and Adaptive Management Group, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3101 Science Circle, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA Andrew D. Kliskey afadk@uaa.alaska.edu Computation Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, RI 405, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Resilience and Adaptive Management Group, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3101 Science Circle, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA Christopher E. Bone afceb@uaa.alaska.edu Computation Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, RI 405, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Resilience and Adaptive Management Group, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3101 Science Circle, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:1:p:1-11:d:43312010-10-15RePEc

article Air pollutants such as tropospheric ozone and black carbon (soot) also contribute to the greenhouse effect. Black carbon is thought to be the second or third most important anthropogenic contributor to global warming, while troposheric ozone is the fourth most important. Both are also major components of indoor and outdoor air pollution. This paper reviews the existing literature of the health, economic, and climatic impacts of tropospheric ozone and black carbon emissions, together with mitigation options. The local nature of many of the impacts, combined with their short atmospheric lifetime and the existence of cost-effective abatement technologies that are already widely deployed in developed countries means reducing these emissions provides a highly climatically-effective mitigation option that is also appropriate to the development strategy of industrializing countries. Climate change; black carbon; post-Kyoto; mitigation; ozone 1 2009 1 3 Sustainability 1 11 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/43/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/43/ text/html Frances C. Moore frances.moore@yale.edu Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:3:p:1-15:d:90532010-10-15RePEc

article We study the stability of social and economic networks when players are farsighted. We first provide an algorithm that characterizes the unique pairwise and groupwise farsightedly stable set of networks under the componentwise egalitarian allocation rule. We then show that this set coincides with the unique groupwise myopically stable set of networks but not with the unique pairwise myopically stable set of networks. We conclude that, if groupwise deviations are allowed then whether players are farsighted or myopic does not matter; if players are farsighted then whether players are allowed to deviate in pairs only or in groups does not matter. farsighted players; pairwise deviations; groupwise deviations 3 2010 1 7 Games 1 15 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/226/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/226/ text/html Gilles Grandjean gilles.grandjean@uclouvain.be CORE, Université catholique de Louvain, 34 voie du Roman Pays, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium FNRS and CEREC, Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 43 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, 1000 Brussels, Belgium FNRS and CORE, Université catholique de Louvain, 34 voie du Roman Pays, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Ana Mauleon Mauleon@fusl.ac.be CORE, Université catholique de Louvain, 34 voie du Roman Pays, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium FNRS and CEREC, Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 43 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, 1000 Brussels, Belgium FNRS and CORE, Université catholique de Louvain, 34 voie du Roman Pays, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Vincent Vannetelbosch vincent.vannetelbosch@uclouvain.be CORE, Université catholique de Louvain, 34 voie du Roman Pays, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium FNRS and CEREC, Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 43 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, 1000 Brussels, Belgium FNRS and CORE, Université catholique de Louvain, 34 voie du Roman Pays, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-15:d:52532010-10-15RePEc

article The Magenta Shores development fronts 2.3 km of Tuggerah Beach on a formerly sand mined and landfill site in an urban growth area on the central coast of New South Wales. To increase the natural defences against storm waves and mass sand movements, the incipient foredune was retained and the parallel beach ridge landform was re-established by mimicking natural processes. Analysis of waste and resources led to a coordinated large-scale onsite re-use, recycling and waste management program that reduced landfill, transportation and natural resource requirements. Bitou bush removed from the Coastal Protection Zone was incorporated into golf course soils to improve grass growth. Leachate in the groundwater from the former landfill was diverted away from Tuggerah Lake and re-used in golf course irrigation. Upgrade of the local sewer treatment plant and installation of a public dual pipeline servicing Magenta and the adjoining township satisfied irrigation demands and provided non-potable water for the existing and expanding urban community. The sustainability challenges of the project were met through clear identification of existing environmental risks, application of scientific research, integrated team management and stakeholders’ cooperation. coastal erosion; sustainable development; integrated management; waste stream; bitou bush 2 2009 1 6 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/319/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/319/ text/html Pamela Hazelton pam.hazelton@uts.edu.au Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Anne Clements and Associates Pty Ltd, Environmental and Botanical Consultants, PO Box 1623, North Sydney, 2059 Australia AnneMarie Clements mail@acabotanic.com Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Anne Clements and Associates Pty Ltd, Environmental and Botanical Consultants, PO Box 1623, North Sydney, 2059 Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-23:d:91772010-10-15RePEc

article Urban agriculture offers an alternative land use for integrating multiple functions in densely populated areas. While urban agriculture has historically been an important element of cities in many developing countries, recent concerns about economic and food security have resulted in a growing movement to produce food in cities of developed countries including the United States. In these regions, urban agriculture offers a new frontier for land use planners and landscape designers to become involved in the development and transformation of cities to support community farms, allotment gardens, rooftop gardening, edible landscaping, urban forests, and other productive features of the urban environment. Despite the growing interest in urban agriculture, urban planners and landscape designers are often ill-equipped to integrate food-systems thinking into future plans for cities. The challenge (and opportunity) is to design urban agriculture spaces to be multifunctional, matching the specific needs and preferences of local residents, while also protecting the environment. This paper provides a review of the literature on urban agriculture as it applies to land use planning in the United States. The background includes a brief historical perspective of urban agriculture around the world, as well as more recent examples in the United States. Land use applications are considered for multiple scales, from efforts that consider an entire city, to those that impact a single building or garden. Barriers and constraints to urban agriculture are discussed, followed by research opportunities and methodological approaches that might be used to address them. This work has implications for urban planners, landscape designers, and extension agents, as opportunities to integrate urban agriculture into the fabric of our cities expand. multifunctional landscape; ecosystem services; food systems; sustainable development; urban agriculture 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 23 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2499/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2499/ text/html Sarah Taylor Lovell stlovell@illinois.edu Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 Dorner Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-20:d:51372010-10-15RePEc

article In this study, waste olive cake (OC) was utilized as the raw material for the production of biosorbents by chemical treatment and its adsorption capacity for zinc ion was evaluated. Tests were conducted with the total biomass (T) and with the fraction > 2.00 mm (P), in order to determinate the influence of this fractionation step on subsequent treatments. Two chemical agents were used: sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. The parameters studied include physical and chemical properties of materials, contact time, pH, adsorbent dose and initial concentrations. The kinetic data were best fitted to the pseudo-second order model. Zinc binding is strongly pH dependent, with more zinc ions bound at a higher pH (5-7 in a range of 3-7). Both Langmuir and Freundlich models are well suited to fit the data on sorption of zinc by OC. Data on sorption of zinc by waste olive cake treated with sulfuric acid (OC-H) was better described by the Freundlich model. Zinc sorption by waste olive cake treated with sodium hydroxide (OC-OH) was better described by the Langmuir model. Results show OC-OH is a biosorbent with a superior adsorption capacity for zinc than OC-H. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir isotherms increases in the order (mg/g): OC-HT (14), OCT (22) and OC-OHT (27). Results also indicate that the previous fractionation step doesn´t produce a biosorbent with a superior adsorption capacity. biosorbents; chemical treatment; Zinc(II); olive cake; adsorption 2 2009 1 6 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/277/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/277/ text/html Ana Fernando ala@fct.unl.pt Grupo de Disciplinas de Ecologia da Hidrosfera/Unidade de Biotecnologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal Departamento de Engenharia Energética e Controle Ambiental, INETI, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal Sofia Monteiro pereira_sofia@sapo.pt Grupo de Disciplinas de Ecologia da Hidrosfera/Unidade de Biotecnologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal Departamento de Engenharia Energética e Controle Ambiental, INETI, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal Filomena Pinto filomena.pinto@ineti.pt Grupo de Disciplinas de Ecologia da Hidrosfera/Unidade de Biotecnologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal Departamento de Engenharia Energética e Controle Ambiental, INETI, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal Benilde Mendes bm@fct.unl.pt Grupo de Disciplinas de Ecologia da Hidrosfera/Unidade de Biotecnologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal Departamento de Engenharia Energética e Controle Ambiental, INETI, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-4:d:93172010-10-15RePEc

article An unreferenced statement on page 608 is challenged as being incorrect. FSC and PEFC are competitors and issues on the differences between the programs are often arguable. We do agree that a small portion of the statement could have been more clearly stated, but the intent of the statement was essentially correct. The original article contained 80 references and not every sentence could be referenced. We include 18 additional references below to strengthen and clarify our statement. n/a 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 4 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2621/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2621/ text/html Thomas J. Straka tstraka@clemson.edu Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, P.O. Box 340317, Clemson, SC 29634-0317, USA Patricia A. Layton playton@clemson.edu Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, P.O. Box 340317, Clemson, SC 29634-0317, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:3:p:1-19:d:91252010-10-15RePEc

article We propose a model in which agents of a population interacting according to a network of contacts play games of coordination with each other and can also dynamically break and redirect links to neighbors if they are unsatisfied. As a result, there is co-evolution of strategies in the population and of the graph that represents the network of contacts. We apply the model to the class of pure and general coordination games. For pure coordination games, the networks co-evolve towards the polarization of different strategies. In the case of general coordination games our results show that the possibility of refusing neighbors and choosing different partners increases the success rate of the Pareto-dominant equilibrium. evolutionary game theory; coordination games; games on dynamical networks; co-evolution 3 2010 1 7 Games 1 19 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/242/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/242/ text/html Marco Tomassini Marco.Tomassini@unil.ch Information Systems Institute, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Enea Pestelacci enea.pestelacci@unil.ch Information Systems Institute, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:10:p:1-15:d:97632010-10-15RePEc

article In four ways, massively multiplayer online role-playing games may serve as tools for advancing sustainability goals, and as laboratories for developing alternatives to current social arrangements that have implications for the natural environment. First, by moving conspicuous consumption and other usually costly status competitions into virtual environments, these virtual worlds might reduce the need for physical resources. Second, they provide training that could prepare individuals to be teleworkers, and develop or demonstrate methods for using information technology to replace much transportation technology, notably in commuting. Third, virtual worlds and online games build international cooperation, even blending national cultures, thereby inching us toward not only the world consciousness needed for international agreements about the environment, but also toward non-spatial government that cuts across archaic nationalisms. Finally, realizing the potential social benefits of this new technology may urge us to reconsider a number of traditional societal institutions. virtual world; online game; conspicuous consumption; telecommuting 10 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/10/3195/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/10/3195/ text/html William Sims Bainbridge wbainbri@nsf.gov National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22230, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-18:d:88532010-10-15RePEc

article A notable aspect of sustainability is its holistic and cross-cutting nature—it cannot be achieved by any single rule, statute or agency. Instead, sustainability must be institutionalized across the legal system and government as a whole. In this paper, we propose and examine five mechanisms for institutionalizing sustainability across the federal legal system: (1) an Executive Order on sustainability; (2) a sustainability impact assessment process; (3) a non-partisan Congressional Joint Committee on Sustainability; (4) a federal Sustainability Commission; and (5) a Sustainability Law Reform Commission. Each is modeled on an existing institution in the United States or another jurisdiction. We discuss and compare the advantages and disadvantages of each mechanism, and discuss how the mechanisms might best be used, singly or in combination, to institutionalize sustainability across the federal government. sustainability; sustainable development; institutional analysis; executive order; environmental impact assessment; government commissions; law reform; governance 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1924/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1924/ text/html Kenneth W. Abbott gary.marchant@asu.edu Center for Law, Science and Innovation, Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 877906, Tempe, AZ 85287-7906, USA School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 877906, Tempe, AZ 85287-7906, USA Gary E. Marchant ken.abbott@asu.edu Center for Law, Science and Innovation, Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 877906, Tempe, AZ 85287-7906, USA School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 877906, Tempe, AZ 85287-7906, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-17:d:72112010-10-15RePEc

article This paper describes a novel methodology for generating models of demand for informal outdoor recreation. We analyze visitor data from multiple forest sites across Great Britain. We introduce a wide range of variables typically omitted from most economic demand models of recreation. These include on-site characteristics, and off-site locational drivers of visitation including substitute and complement availability. A Poisson multilevel model is used to model visitor counts, and the methodology is applied to a dataset of more than 10,000 visits to open-access woodland sites. Results confirm it identifies a broader range of demand drivers than previously observed. The use of nationally available explanatory variables enhances the transferability and hence general applicability of the methodology. forests; arrival modeling; sustainable tourism; transferrable demand 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/684/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/684/ text/html Andy Jones a.p.jones@uea.ac.uk CSERGE, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jan Wright jan.wright@sandringhamestate.co.uk CSERGE, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Ian Bateman i.bateman@uea.ac.uk CSERGE, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Marije Schaafsma marije.schaafsma@ivm.vu.nl CSERGE, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-16:d:65482010-10-15RePEc

article Sweden has adopted ambitious energy savings objectives for buildings, but at the current rate of energy efficiency investments the objectives are unlikely to be reached. In this article we report the early findings of how real estate owners reason and act in energy efficiency investment decisions. Based on the results from interviews with the real estate companies, the companies have been divided into four ideal types that illuminate the differences in energy efficiency ambition and strategies; the Strict Profit Maximizing Company, the Little Extra Company, the Policy Led Ambitious Company and the Administration Led Ambitious Company. The different strategies will determine how the companies respond to incentives to invest in energy efficiency, and affect the overall result in the energy efficiency work. The ideal types hence are important to have in mind when designing policies to increase energy efficiency. energy efficiency in buildings; sustainable renovation; incentives for energy efficiency; ideal types 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1349/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1349/ text/html Lovisa Högberg lovisa.hogberg@abe.kth.se Division of Building & Real Estate Economics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Division of Urban & Regional Studies, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Hans Lind hans.lind@abe.kth.se Division of Building & Real Estate Economics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Division of Urban & Regional Studies, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Kristina Grange grange@infra.kth.se Division of Building & Real Estate Economics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Division of Urban & Regional Studies, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-20:d:54102010-10-15RePEc

article As the Small Island Developing States of the Caribbean prepare to take climate change adaptation measures, there is a distinct possibility that the most vulnerable groups, especially the poor, women, indigenous, elderly, and children in rural and coastal communities are at risk of being marginalized. It is necessary to take into consideration the adaptation needs of these groups that are likely to be disproportionately affected due to inherent structural and social disparities. In this paper we focus on the need to ensure inclusion and social equity in adaptation planning as climate change issues disproportionately impact health, settlement, and livelihoods of these vulnerable groups. We also focus on climate change potential impacts on tourism, agriculture and fisheries sectors, which are the major economic drivers of these island states. Based on Caribbean region wide observations, we recommend priority areas including increasing community participation, local initiatives and filling critical socio-economic and livelihood data gaps, which policy makers need to focus on and incorporate in their climate change adaptation plans in order to ensure effective and equitable climate change adaptation climate change; adaptation; Caribbean; social equity 3 2009 1 7 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/363/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/363/ text/html Hari B. Dulal hdulal@worldbank.org Social Development Department (SDV), The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20433, USA The University of Trinidad & Tobago, Lots #74-98 O'Meara Industrial Park, Arima, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago Kalim U. Shah kalim.shah@utt.edu.tt Social Development Department (SDV), The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20433, USA The University of Trinidad & Tobago, Lots #74-98 O'Meara Industrial Park, Arima, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago Nilufar Ahmad nahmad@worldbank.org Social Development Department (SDV), The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20433, USA The University of Trinidad & Tobago, Lots #74-98 O'Meara Industrial Park, Arima, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-16:d:69332010-10-15RePEc

article Participation as a tool has been applied as a social learning process and communication platform to create awareness among stakeholders in the context of resource utilisation. The application of participatory processes to aquatic ecosystem management is attracting a growing body of literature. However, the application of participation as a tool for sustainable management of coastal lagoon ecosystems is recent. This paper examines the context and the extent of participation of stakeholders in the management of the Fosu lagoon in Ghana. Six hundred individuals from twenty seven stakeholder groups were randomly selected for study. Both closed and open-ended questions were used in face-to-face interviews with stakeholders. The findings indicate that the stakeholder groups were not involved in decision-making regarding the conservation of the lagoon irrespective of their expertise in planning and/or their interest in lagoon resource utilisation. This situation has created apathy among some of the stakeholders who feel neglected in the decision-making process. There is scope for broadening the base of interest groups in decision-making processes regarding the lagoon and improving stakeholder participation in the management of the lagoon to ensure the sustainability of the management process. stakeholder participation; community; lagoon management; conflict; socio-ecological system; sustainability 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/383/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/383/ text/html Frederick A. Armah atoarmah@yahoo.com Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana David O. Yawson oskidoo@yahoo.com Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Alex N.M. Pappoe anmpappoe@yahoo.com Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Ernest K.A. Afrifa e_afrifa@yahoo.co.uk Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:3:p:1-28:d:75032010-10-15RePEc

article Renewable energy sources (RES) have significant potential to contribute to the economic, social and environmental energy sustainability of small islands. They improve access to energy for most of the population, they also reduce emissions of local and global pollutants and they may create local socioeconomic development opportunities. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the theoretical and empirical literature on the contribution of RES to the energy sustainability of islands, focusing on the main results and the methodologies used. Papers are classified according to their coverage of the three dimensions of the triangular approach to sustainability (economic, environmental and social). The review also takes into account whether and how the procedural sustainability has been tackled in those papers. It is acknowledged that although several topics have been covered by the existing literature, there are promising avenues for future research on several fronts, both thematic and methodological. sustainable development; renewable energy; islands 3 2010 2 3 Sustainability 1 28 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/783/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/783/ text/html Loraima Jaramillo-Nieves loraimaupr@gmail.com University Institute of Environment Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain Institute for Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Albasanz 26-28, Madrid 28037, Spain Pablo del Río pablo.delrio@cchs.csic.es University Institute of Environment Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain Institute for Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Albasanz 26-28, Madrid 28037, Spain

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-16:d:85292010-10-15RePEc

article The conservation value of open space depends upon the quantity and quality of the area protected, as well as how it is designed and managed. This study reports the results of a content analysis of Florida county Land Development Regulations. Codes were reviewed to determine the amount of open space required, how open space is protected during construction, the delegation of responsibilities, and the designation of funds for management. Definitions of open space varied dramatically across the state. Most county codes provided inadequate descriptions of management recommendations, which could lead to a decline in the conservation value of the protected space. conservation development; environmental policy; regulations; open space 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1536/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1536/ text/html Dara M. Wald dwald@ufl.edu Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110430, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430, USA Mark E. Hostetler hostetm@ufl.edu Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110430, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-19:d:57962010-10-15RePEc

article This article explores public opposition to renewable power technologies in the United States. It begins by discussing the genesis of environmental ethics, or how some Americans have come to place importance on the protection of the environment and preservation of species, ecosystems, and the biosphere. As result, renewable power systems have become challenged on ethical and environmental grounds and are occasionally opposed by local communities and environmentalists. The article finds that, however, such concern may be misplaced. Renewable electricity resources have many environmental <em>benefits</em> compared to power stations fueled by coal, oil, natural gas, and uranium. Opposition towards renewable resources can at times obscure the true costs and risks associated with electricity use and entrench potential racial and class-based inequalities within the current energy system. renewable electricity; renewable power; public opposition 3 2009 1 9 Sustainability 1 19 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/702/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/702/ text/html Benjamin K. Sovacool bsovacool@nus.edu.sg Energy Governance Program, Centre on Asia and Globalisation, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, 469C Bukit Timah Road, 259772, Singapore

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-11:d:77192010-10-15RePEc

article Produced water separated from oil is usually returned to the environment and could permeate through the water table. If such water is contaminated with radioactive substances, it could create a definite threat to the water supply, especially in arid regions where ground water and overhead streams are sources of potable water. Low-level radioactive contamination of oily sludge is equally hazardous and also leads to detrimental pollution of water resources. We investigated the distribution of ²²⁶Ra, ⁴⁰K and ²²⁸Ac in produced waste water and oily sludge and found abnormal levels of radioactivity. A total of 90 ground wastewater samples were collected from different sites for a period of one year. The presence of these radionuclides was identified by their characteristic gamma rays. The detection system consisted of a high-purity germanium detector. Our results show that about 20% of the samples exhibited 20–60 Bq/L radioactivity and ~6% of the samples exceeded 60 Bq/L. Roughly 70% of the experimental samples fell in the range of 2–20 Bq/L, which still exceeded the maximum admissible drinking-water limit 0.2 Bq/L. radioactivity; oil sludge; waste water; gamma rays 4 2010 2 3 Sustainability 1 11 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/890/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/890/ text/html Avin E. Pillay apillay@pi.ac.ae Chemistry Department, The Petroleum Institute, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, UAE C/o Department of Clinical and Biomedical Physics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al Khoud, 123, Oman Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Wasit, Kut, Wasit, 4256, Iraq Fadhil M. Salih fadhilsalih@gmail.com Chemistry Department, The Petroleum Institute, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, UAE C/o Department of Clinical and Biomedical Physics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al Khoud, 123, Oman Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Wasit, Kut, Wasit, 4256, Iraq Muthana I. Maleek muthana.ibrahem@yahoo.com Chemistry Department, The Petroleum Institute, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, UAE C/o Department of Clinical and Biomedical Physics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al Khoud, 123, Oman Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Wasit, Kut, Wasit, 4256, Iraq

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:3:p:1-31:d:89942010-10-15RePEc

article We study 4 x 4 games for which the best response dynamics contain a cycle. We give examples in which multiple Shapley polygons occur for these kinds of games. We derive conditions under which Shapley polygons exist and conditions for the stability of these polygons. It turns out that there is a very strong connection between the stability of heteroclinic cycles for the replicator equation and Shapley polygons for the best response dynamics. It is also shown that chaotic behaviour can not occur in this kind of game. evolutionary game theory; Shapley polygon; best response dynamics; periodic solutions 3 2010 1 7 Games 1 31 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/189/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/189/ text/html Martin Hahn martinhahn999@gmail.com Department of Mathematics, University Vienna, c/o Josef Hofbauer, Nordbergstraße 15, A-1090 Wien, Austria

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-13:d:69992010-10-15RePEc

article A new device with the ability to measure heat loss from building facades is proposed. Yet to be commercially developed, the U-value Meter can be used as stand-alone apparatus, or in combination with thermographic-equipment. The U-value meter complements thermographs, which only reproduce surface temperature and not the heat loss distribution. There is need for a device that measures the heat loss in a quantitative manner. Convective as well as radiative heat losses are captured and measured with a five-layer thermal system. Heat losses are measured in the SI-unit W/m²K. The aim is to achieve more cost-effective building renovation, and provide a means to check the fulfillment of Building Regulation requirements with respect to stated U-values (heat transmission coefficients). In this way it should be possible to greatly reduce energy consumption of buildings. heat loss measuring; energy renovation; conductivity; thermal radiation 2 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/461/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/461/ text/html Lars Schiøtt Sørensen info@ht-meter.dk HT-Meter ApS., Mosedraget 17, Nødebo, 3480 Fredensborg, Denmark

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-20:d:87602010-10-15RePEc

article This paper discusses the sustainability impact (contribution to sustainability, reduction of adverse environmental impacts) of online second-hand trading. A survey of eBay users shows that a relationship between the trading of used goods and the protection of natural resources is hardly realized. Secondly, the environmental motivation and the willingness to act in a sustainable manner differ widely between groups of consumers. Given these results from a user perspective, the paper tries to find some objective hints of online second-hand trading’s environmental impact. The greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the energy used for the trading transactions seem to be considerably lower than the emissions due to the (avoided) production of new goods. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for second-hand trade and consumer policy. Information about the sustainability benefits of purchasing second-hand goods should be included in general consumer information, and arguments for changes in behavior should be targeted to different groups of consumers. online marketplaces; online auctions; consumer; electronic commerce; used products; second-hand market; sustainable consumption 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1810/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1810/ text/html Jens Clausen clausen@borderstep.de Borderstep Institute for Innovation and Sustainability, Hausmannstr. 9-10, 30159 Hanover, Germany Department of Social Sciences, Institute for the Analysis of Society and Policy, Goethe-University, Robert-Mayer-Str. 5, 60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment, Schopenhauerstr. 26, D-14129 Berlin, Germany Birgit Blättel-Mink b.blaettel-mink@soz.uni-frankfurt.de Borderstep Institute for Innovation and Sustainability, Hausmannstr. 9-10, 30159 Hanover, Germany Department of Social Sciences, Institute for the Analysis of Society and Policy, Goethe-University, Robert-Mayer-Str. 5, 60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment, Schopenhauerstr. 26, D-14129 Berlin, Germany Lorenz Erdmann l.erdmann@izt.de Borderstep Institute for Innovation and Sustainability, Hausmannstr. 9-10, 30159 Hanover, Germany Department of Social Sciences, Institute for the Analysis of Society and Policy, Goethe-University, Robert-Mayer-Str. 5, 60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment, Schopenhauerstr. 26, D-14129 Berlin, Germany Christine Henseling c.henseling@izt.de Borderstep Institute for Innovation and Sustainability, Hausmannstr. 9-10, 30159 Hanover, Germany Department of Social Sciences, Institute for the Analysis of Society and Policy, Goethe-University, Robert-Mayer-Str. 5, 60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment, Schopenhauerstr. 26, D-14129 Berlin, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-15:d:91552010-10-15RePEc

article A land-suitability analysis (LSA) was integrated with open-space conservation principles, based on watershed physiographic and soil characteristics, to derive a low-impact development (LID) residential plan for a three hectare site in Coshocton OH, USA. The curve number method was used to estimate total runoff depths expected from different frequency storms for: (i) the pre-development condition, (ii) a conventional design, (iii) LID design based on the LSA of same building size; and (iv) LID design based on the LSA with reduced building footprints. Post-development runoff depths for the conventional design increased by 55 percent over those for the pre-development condition. Runoff depth for the same building size LSA-LID design was only 26 percent greater than that for the pre-development condition, and 17% for the design with reduced building sizes. Results suggest that prudent use of LSA may improve prospects and functionality of low-impact development, reduce stormwater flooding volumes and, hence, lower site-development costs. soil survey; runoff; soil hydrologic group; urbanization; suitability analysis 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2467/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2467/ text/html Xinhao Wang xinhao.wang@ucmail.uc.edu School of Planning, College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0016, USA Sustainable Environments Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Coshocton, OH 43812, USA William Shuster shuster.william@epa.gov School of Planning, College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0016, USA Sustainable Environments Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Coshocton, OH 43812, USA Chandrima Pal palc@email.uc.edu School of Planning, College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0016, USA Sustainable Environments Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Coshocton, OH 43812, USA Steven Buchberger steven.buchberger@ucmail.uc.edu School of Planning, College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0016, USA Sustainable Environments Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Coshocton, OH 43812, USA James Bonta jim.bonta@ars.usda.gov School of Planning, College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0016, USA Sustainable Environments Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Coshocton, OH 43812, USA Kiran Avadhanula vadhakk@email.uc.edu School of Planning, College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0016, USA Sustainable Environments Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Coshocton, OH 43812, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-20:d:89912010-10-15RePEc

article Researchers and responsible officials have made considerable progress in recent years in efforts to anticipate, plan for, and respond to drought. Some of those efforts are beginning to shift from purely reactive, relief-oriented measures to programs designed to prevent or to mitigate drought impacts. Considerably less attention has been given to laws that may affect practices and policies that either increase or decrease drought vulnerability. Water law regimes, drought response and relief legislation, and laws governing broader but related issues of economic policy—especially agricultural policy—should be evaluated more comprehensively to enhance incentives for more ―water sustainable‖ practices in agriculture and other sectors of the economy. Those changes will be increasingly important if current climate change models are correct in their prediction that many parts of the world can expect more frequent and more severe conditions of meteorological drought in the ensuing decades. agriculture; climate change; drought; global warming; law; sustainability; vulnerability 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2176/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2176/ text/html Robert W. Adler Adlerr@law.utah.edu S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, 332 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0730, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-24:d:86142010-10-15RePEc

article The nature of the concept of sustainability makes it difficult to coordinate and monitor the implementation of sustainable development in the formulation of effective policy. The International Law Association at its meeting in New Delhi in 2002 offered a set of seven Principles of International Law Relating to Sustainable Development as a definitive tool to inform the formulation of policy and potentially legal arrangements. This article describes a research project by the World Future Council that used these principles as the basis for a methodology to assess and evaluate how a range of policies might contribute to sustainable development in the interest of future generations. Three ―"best" policies on food security are evaluated and their common characteristics are identified. The article finally discusses how policy assessments based on principles accepted internationally might contribute to accelerated, effective and coherent implementation of sustainable development, even where the prevailing institutional approach treats ecological, social, economic and cultural issues as separate factors. New Delhi Declaration 2002; sustainable development principles; policy evaluation; food security; future generations 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 24 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1694/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1694/ text/html Maja Goepel maja.goepel@worldfuturecouncil.org World Future Council, Rue Marie-Thérèse 21, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:1:p:1-3:d:41772010-10-15RePEc

article Sustainability, although often hard to define precisely, is a rapidly growing area of study that is becoming increasingly applied in diverse areas. The definition put forth in 1983 by the World Commission on Environment and Development, informally known as the Brundtland Commission, captures many aspects of the topic. That commission defined sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Other attempts have been made to define what we mean when we refer to sustainability or strive to achieve it as an objective. Despite the differences in definitions, a key theme that emerges is that sustainability is a concept that needs to be incorporated in many if not all of the activities that people undertake. [...] n/a 1 2009 1 3 Sustainability 1 3 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/1/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/1/ text/html Marc A. Rosen marc.rosen@uoit.ca Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada Founding Editor-in-Chief of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050)

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-14:d:93732010-10-15RePEc

article In recent years it has become clear that climate change is an inevitable process. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the expectation is that climate change will have an especially negative impact, not only a result of projected warming and rainfall deficits, but also because of the vulnerability of the population. The impact upon food security will be of great significance, and may be defined as being composed of three components: availability, access, and utilization. To further investigate the link, a systematic literature review was done of the peer-reviewed literature related to climate change and food security, employing the realist review method. Analysis of the literature found consistent predictions of decreased crop productivity, land degradation, high market prices, negative impacts on livelihoods, and increased malnutrition. Adaptation strategies were heavily discussed as a means of mitigating a situation of severe food insecurity across the entire region. This is linked to issues of development, whereby adaptation is essential to counteract the negative impacts and improve the potential of the population to undergo development processes. Findings additionally revealed a gap in the literature about how nutrition will be affected, which is of importance given the links between poor nutrition and lack of productivity. climate change; food security; adaptation; development; Sub-Saharan Africa 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2719/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2719/ text/html Heather E. Thompson heather.thompson2@mail.mcgill.ca Institute for the Study of International Development, McGill University, 3460 McTavish Street, Montreal, QC, H3A1X9, Canada Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, H3A2K6, Canada Lea Berrang-Ford lea.berrangford@mcgill.ca Institute for the Study of International Development, McGill University, 3460 McTavish Street, Montreal, QC, H3A1X9, Canada Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, H3A2K6, Canada James D. Ford james.ford@mcgill.ca Institute for the Study of International Development, McGill University, 3460 McTavish Street, Montreal, QC, H3A1X9, Canada Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, H3A2K6, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-10:d:67612010-10-15RePEc

article The paper uses the framework of the IPAT equation, as applied to CO₂ emission, to decompose the various driving forces in the global energy use. Data from recent history are superimposed on projections of SRES IPCC scenarios to determine if enough sustainable capacity can be built to prevent irreversible ecological deterioration. The conclusion from the analysis is that, in agreement with the IPCC 4th report, until about 2030 there are no large differences between a sustainable scenario and the one that resembles “business as usual”. The sharp divergence that follows stems from different estimates in population growth and in the percentage of use of fossil fuels in the total energy mix. Decomposition of alternative energy options indicate that the rate of increase of alternatives such as hydroelectric and nuclear start with a relatively high base but a growth rate too short for major contribution to a timely replacement of fossil fuels while wind and solar starts from a much lower base but rate of growth, if maintained, that can satisfy a timely replacement. IPAT; greenhouse gases; energy; projections 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 10 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/204/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/204/ text/html Micha Tomkiewicz michatom@brooklyn.cuny.edu Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of CUNY, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:3:p:1-10:d:75532010-10-15RePEc

article Organic farming provides many benefits in Indonesia: it can improve soil quality, food quality and soil carbon sequestration. This study was designed to compare soil carbon sequestration levels between conventional and organic rice farming fields in west Java, Indonesia. The results from soil analysis indicate that organic farming leads to soil with significantly higher soil carbon storage capacity than conventional farming. Organic farming can also cut some farming costs, but it requires about twice as much labor. The sharecropping system of rice farming in Indonesia is highly exploitative of workers; therefore, research should be conducted to develop a fairer organic farming system that can enhance both local and global sustainability. organic farming; rice farming system; soil carbon sequestration; weeding tools; working time; appropriate technology 3 2010 2 3 Sustainability 1 10 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/833/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/833/ text/html Masakazu Komatsuzaki komachan@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, JI Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia M. Faiz Syuaib mfsyuaib@yahoo.com College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, JI Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-19:d:71532010-10-15RePEc

article Forest sustainability and forest certification are important natural resource management and environmental issues. Forest certification addresses the social and environmental issues in the acquisition of raw materials (e.g., lumber to be used in the building process). Life cycle assessment is a common technique used in the evaluation of forest sustainability issues and forest certification programs. Life cycle assessment is a tool to evaluate multiple issue environmental and some social impacts attributed to a product or process (e.g., wood as a building material). Inputs (like raw material extraction) and outputs (like pollution) are measured over the entire life process, with a goal to minimize negative environmental impacts over the life cycle of a product or process. The relationship between forest certification schemes and life cycle assessment is examined and assessed. life cycle assessment; forest sustainability; forestry; forest industry; forest certification 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 19 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/604/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/604/ text/html Thomas J. Straka tstraka@clemson.edu Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, Box 340317, SC 29634-0317, USA Patricia A. Layton playton@clemson.edu Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, Box 340317, SC 29634-0317, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-10:d:53882010-10-15RePEc

article The return to land-based biofuels ignores the lessons of the past that led to the collapse of civilizations such as that of Easter Island. Even the more efficient ethanol feedstocks such as sugar cane and switchgrass can greatly worsen the environmental damage associated with agriculture because they would require enormous amounts of land to meet US demand for transportation fuel. Too often, style wins over substance because most citizens do not know the basics of well-to-wheel analysis. Therefore, the incorporation of energy literacy into the high school curricula should play a significant role in any comprehensive plan for addressing the energy crisis. biofuel; deforestation; electric vehicle; ethanol; flex-fuel; switchgrass; well-to-wheel 3 2009 1 7 Sustainability 1 10 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/335/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/335/ text/html Antonio R. Chaves entropydebit@gmail.com Saint Anselm’s Abbey School / 4501 South Dakota Avenue, NE Washington DC 20017, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-23:d:63112010-10-15RePEc

article The trade-sustainable impact assessment of the European Union-Mercosur trade agreement found that the economic impact of the trade liberalisation scenario could be positive in the agricultural sectors of Mercosur countries. However, it also found that the social and environmental impacts would be mixed and potentially detrimental. This paper addresses the likely effects on the livelihoods of vulnerable rural populations. It argues that the potential impacts can be analysed within a diversified livelihood strategies framework, which is expanded to include institutional and policy factors. It concludes that the negative expected impact responds to the highly uneven access to capital assets. On the other hand, the effects are not generalised to all Mercosur countries, nor to all regions in each of the member countries. Enhancing or mitigating measures refer to the importance of sequencing and regulation to improve disadvantaged groups‘ abilities to participate in trade-led agricultural intensification or industrialisation processes. sustainable impact assessment; livelihoods; bio-fuels; gender; Mercosur 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 23 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1120/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1120/ text/html Leonith Hinojosa Leonith.hinojosa@manchester.ac.uk School of Environment and Development, Brooks World Poverty Institute and Impact Assessment Research Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-18:d:70122010-10-15RePEc

article This article examines and compares efforts to reduce energy subsidies in China, India and Russia. Despite dissimilarities in forms of governance, these three states have followed surprisingly similar patterns in reducing energy subsidies, characterised by two steps forward, one step back. Non-democratic governments and energy importers might be expected to be more likely to halt subsidies. In fact, the degree of democracy and status as net energy exporters or importers does not seem to significantly affect these countries’ capacity to reduce subsidies, as far as can be judged from the data in this article. Politicians in all three fear that taking unpopular decisions may provoke social unrest. energy subsidies; politics; China; India; Russia 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/475/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/475/ text/html Grant Dansie grant.dansie@nupi.no Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), PB 8159 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, Scotland, UK University of Tromso, 9037 Tromso, Norway Marc Lanteigne ml80@st-andrews.ac.uk Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), PB 8159 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, Scotland, UK University of Tromso, 9037 Tromso, Norway Indra Overland ino@nupi.no Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), PB 8159 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, Scotland, UK University of Tromso, 9037 Tromso, Norway

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-5:d:50292010-10-15RePEc

article The selective hydrogenation of dimedone (1) to the corresponding monoketone 2 over palladium and Amberlyst 15^® is reported. The product is a synthetic building block for the fragrance and pharmaceutical industry. Advantages of the new catalytic procedure are the high catalyst activity and selectivity, less by-product formation, avoidance of the presence of acid, and consequently, less salt formation due to the omission of a neutralization step. Using a substrate/catalyst ratio of >100 compound 2 can be synthesized in 97% yield at full conversion. Recycling of the catalyst several times has been shown to be feasible without any detectable decrease in selectivity. heterogeneous catalysis; ion exchange resins; selective hydrogenation; 1; 3-diketones 2 2009 1 5 Sustainability 1 5 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/209/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/209/ text/html Ulla Létinois DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Research and Development, P.O Box 2676, 4002 Basel, Switzerland Werner Bonrath werner.bonrath@dsm.com DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Research and Development, P.O Box 2676, 4002 Basel, Switzerland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-21:d:88732010-10-15RePEc

article On Earth, the deep subsurface biosphere of both the oceanic and the continental crust is well known for surviving harsh conditions and environments characterized by high temperatures, high pressures, extreme pHs, and the absence of sunlight. The microorganisms of the terrestrial deep biosphere have an excellent capacity for adapting to changing geochemistry, as the alteration of the crust proceeds and the conditions of their habitats slowly change. Despite an almost complete isolation from surface conditions and the surface biosphere, the deep biosphere of the crustal rocks has endured over geologic time. This indicates that the deep biosphere is a self-sufficient system, independent of the global events that occur at the surface, such as impacts, glaciations, sea level fluctuations, and climate changes. With our sustainable terrestrial subsurface biosphere in mind, the subsurface on Mars has often been suggested as the most plausible place to search for fossil Martian life, or even present Martian life. Since the Martian surface is more or less sterile, subsurface settings are the only place on Mars where life could have been sustained over geologic time. To detect a deep biosphere in the Martian basement, drilling is a requirement. However, near future Mars sample return missions are limited by the mission’s payload, which excludes heavy drilling equipment and restrict the missions to only dig the topmost meter of the Martian soil. Therefore, the sampling and analysis of Martian impact ejecta has been suggested as a way of accessing the deeper Martian subsurface without using heavy drilling equipment. Impact cratering is a natural geological process capable of excavating and exposing large amounts of rock material from great depths up to the surface. Several studies of terrestrial impact deposits show the preservation of pre-impact biosignatures, such as fossilized organisms and chemical biological markers. Therefore, if the Martian subsurface contains a record of life, it is reasonable to assume that biosignatures derived from the Martian subsurface could also be preserved in the Martian impact ejecta. subsurface biosphere; hydrothermal systems; impact ejecta; life on Mars 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 21 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1969/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1969/ text/html Magnus Ivarsson Magnus.Ivarsson@nrm.se Department of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Svante Arrheniusväg 9, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gregory Building, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK Paula Lindgren paula.lindgren@ges.gla.ac.uk Department of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Svante Arrheniusväg 9, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gregory Building, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-54:d:58302010-10-15RePEc

article This is an historic overview of conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa from pre-colonial times through the present. It demonstrates that Africans practiced conservation that was ignored by the colonial powers. The colonial market economy combined with the human and livestock population explosion of the 21^st century are the major factors contributing to the demise of wildlife and critical habitat. Unique insight is provided into the economics of a representative safari company, something that has not been readily available to Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) practitioners. Modern attempts at sharing benefits from conservation with rural communities will fail due to the low rural resource to population ratio regardless of the model, combined with the uneven distribution of profits from safari hunting that drives most CBNRM programs, unless these ratios are changed. Low household incomes from CBNRM are unlikely to change attitudes of rural dwellers towards Western approaches to conservation. Communities must sustainably manage their natural areas as "green factories" for the multitude of natural resources they contain as a means of maximizing employment and thus household incomes, as well as meeting the often overlooked socio-cultural ties to wildlife and other natural resources, which may be as important as direct material benefits in assuring conservation of wildlife and its habitat. For CBNRM to be successful in the long-term, full devolution of ownership over land and natural resources must take place. In addition, as a means of relieving pressure on the rural resource base, this will require an urbanization process that creates a middleclass, as opposed to the current slums that form the majority of Africa‘s cities, through industrialization that transforms the unique natural resources of the subcontinent (e.g., strategic minerals, petroleum, wildlife, hardwoods, fisheries, wild medicines, agricultural products, etc.) in Africa. wildlife; conservation; development; CBNRM; population; industrialization 3 2009 1 9 Sustainability 1 54 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/734/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/734/ text/html Paul Andre DeGeorges andredeg@verizon.net Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, P/Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa Retired from Tshwane University of Technology. Current Address: 2201 Mayflower Drive, Greenbackville, Virginia 23356, USA. Brian Kevin Reilly reillybk@tut.ac.za Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, P/Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa Retired from Tshwane University of Technology. Current Address: 2201 Mayflower Drive, Greenbackville, Virginia 23356, USA.

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-27:d:69562010-10-15RePEc

article Buildings are the largest energy consumers and greenhouse gases emitters, both in the developed and developing countries. In continental Europe, the energy use in buildings alone is responsible for up to 50% of carbon dioxide emission. Urgent changes are, therefore, required relating to energy saving, emissions control, production and application of materials, use of renewable resources, and to recycling and reuse of building materials. In addition, the development of new eco-friendly building materials and practices is of prime importance owing to the growing environmental concerns. This review reflects the key tendencies in the sector of sustainable building materials of a non-metallic nature that have occurred over the past decade or so. sustainability; sustainable buildings; construction; building materials 2 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 27 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/400/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/400/ text/html Paul Joseph P.Joseph@ulster.ac.uk The Built Environment Research Institute, School of the Built Environment, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK Svetlana Tretsiakova-McNally S.Tretsiakova-mcnally@ulster.ac.uk The Built Environment Research Institute, School of the Built Environment, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-29:d:82212010-10-15RePEc

article This article reflects on the recent unsustainable land use changes in the Autonomous Community of Madrid and asserts the need for progress towards economically, environmentally and socially sustainable development models. Following research undertaken over the last six years there are encouraging signs of agreement between stakeholders and the problem has begun to “open up”. Here a new phase of problem solving is initiated, in which particular tendencies toward unsustainability are identified using a variety of basic indicators. These “Sustainability Action Areas” can be targeted for collaborative sustainability initiatives involving groups of municipalities aggregated according to their response to particular indicators. sustainability; land use change; collaboration; local action areas 5 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 29 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1252/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1252/ text/html Richard Hewitt richard.hewitt@uah.es Department of Geography, University of Alcalá, Calle Colegios 2, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Observatory for a Culture of the Territory, Department of Rural Planning, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria 28040, Madrid, Spain Veronica Hernandez-Jimenez vero.hj@observatorioculturayterritorio.org Department of Geography, University of Alcalá, Calle Colegios 2, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Observatory for a Culture of the Territory, Department of Rural Planning, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria 28040, Madrid, Spain

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-6:d:61972010-10-15RePEc

article Various government agencies around the world have proposed vegetable oils and their conversion to biodiesel as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Due to its adaptability to marginal soils and environments, the cultivation of <em>Jatropha curcas</em> is frequently mentioned as the best option for producing biodiesel. In the present work the current situation of proven and potential reserves of fossil fuel, and the production and consumption model for the same are analyzed, in order to later review the sustainability of the production process which begins with the cultivation of <em>J. curcas</em>, and culminates with the consumption of biodiesel. A review of the following topics is proposed in order to improve the sustainability of the process: areas destined for cultivation, use of external (chemical) inputs in cultivation, processes for converting the vegetable oil to biodiesel, and, above all, the location for ultimate consumption of the biofuel. biofuel; <em>Jatropha curcas</em>; petroleum 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 6 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1035/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1035/ text/html Isidro Ovando-Medina ibtmedina@gmail.com Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Carretera a Puerto Madero Km 2.0, Tapachula, 30700, Chiapas, Mexico Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., Mexico Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Mexico Francisco Espinosa-García espinosa@oikos.unam.mx Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Carretera a Puerto Madero Km 2.0, Tapachula, 30700, Chiapas, Mexico Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., Mexico Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Mexico Juan Núñez-Farfán farfan@servidor.unam.mx Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Carretera a Puerto Madero Km 2.0, Tapachula, 30700, Chiapas, Mexico Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., Mexico Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Mexico Miguel Salvador-Figueroa msalvad@hotmail.com Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Carretera a Puerto Madero Km 2.0, Tapachula, 30700, Chiapas, Mexico Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., Mexico Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Mexico

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-19:d:66082010-10-15RePEc

article Exergy is a thermodynamic concept that has been widely promoted for assessing and improving sustainability, notably in the characterization of resources and wastes. Despite having many notable benefits, exergy is often misused by authors who tend to apply it as an intrinsic characteristic of an object (<em>i.e.</em>, as a static thermodynamic variable). Using both theoretical and empirical evidence the authors present five key limitations that must be overcome before exergy can be applied to characterize objects: (1) the incompatibility between exergy <em>quality </em>and resource <em>quality</em>; (2) the inability of exergy to characterize non work-producing resources via the concentration exergy; (3) the constraints placed on the derivation of exergy; (4) problems with the exergy reference environment; and (5) the multiple perspectives applied to exergy analysis. Until the limitations are addressed, exergy should only be used for its original purpose as a decision making tool for engineering systems analysis. exergy; resource value; waste impact; sustainability assessment 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 19 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1444/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1444/ text/html Kyrke Gaudreau kgaudrea@uwaterloo.ca Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada Roydon A. Fraser rafraser@uwaterloo.ca Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada Stephen Murphy sd2murph@uwaterloo.ca Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-25:d:96352010-10-15RePEc

article In Mexico, the National Trust for Tourism Promotion (FONATUR) needs to lead development of <em>Integrally Planned Tourist Centers</em> (IPC) towards sustainability. As the development of these IPCs leads to changes in local communities and their environment, it is necessary to define how to establish a path towards sustainability and how to measure progress towards that goal. The objective of this study is to contribute toward identifying the main stakeholder’s values, defining sustainability indicators at a local level, and to discuss their adequacy in the context of tourism development. The study was performed in a Mexican community facing its probable inclusion in tourism development and special attention was given to the values of stakeholders in defining which objectives to monitor. Using Value-Focused Thinking as a framework, a series of interviews were analyzed and the opinions were organized in a tree of values, encompassing environmental, economic, social and political/institutional aspects. A set of indicators associated with these objectives was subsequently proposed. This information may serve as a guide to design and monitor plans that are more appealing from a sustainability perspective and as an aid in the identification of future information needs. indicators; value-focused thinking; sustainability; touristic developments 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/3074/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/3074/ text/html Marta Chávez-Cortés ccmm1320@correo.xoc.uam.mx Laboratorio de SIG aplicados a la Planeación Ambiental, Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calz. del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960, Coyoacán, D.F., México Departamento Planeación y Seguimiento de Sistemas, Apoyos y Servicios a la Comercialización Agropecuaria (ASERCA), José María Ibarrarán 84, Col. San José Insurgentes, C.P. 03900, Benito Juárez, D.F., México José Alberto Alcántara Maya kennett01@hotmail.com Laboratorio de SIG aplicados a la Planeación Ambiental, Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calz. del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960, Coyoacán, D.F., México Departamento Planeación y Seguimiento de Sistemas, Apoyos y Servicios a la Comercialización Agropecuaria (ASERCA), José María Ibarrarán 84, Col. San José Insurgentes, C.P. 03900, Benito Juárez, D.F., México

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:2:p:1-19:d:83482010-10-15RePEc

article A choice prediction competition is organized that focuses on decisions from experience in market entry games (http://sites.google.com/site/gpredcomp/ and http://www.mdpi.com/si/games/predict-behavior/). The competition is based on two experiments: An estimation experiment, and a competition experiment. The two experiments use the same methods and subject pool, and examine games randomly selected from the same distribution. The current introductory paper presents the results of the estimation experiment, and clarifies the descriptive value of several baseline models. The experimental results reveal the robustness of eight behavioral tendencies that were documented in previous studies of market entry games and individual decisions from experience. The best baseline model (I-SAW) assumes reliance on small samples of experiences, and strong inertia when the recent results are not surprising. The competition experiment will be run in May 2010 (after the completion of this introduction), but they will not be revealed until September. To participate in the competition, researchers are asked to E-mail the organizers models (implemented in computer programs) that read the incentive structure as input, and derive the predicted behavior as an output. The submitted models will be ranked based on their prediction error. The winners of the competition will be invited to publish a paper that describes their model. reinforcement learning; excess entry; recency; surprise triggers change; inertia 2 2010 1 5 Games 1 19 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/2/117/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/2/117/ text/html Ido Erev erev@tx.technion.ac.il Max Wertheimer Minerva Center for Cognitive Studies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel Computer Laboratory for Experimental Research, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, 02163, USA Department of Economics, 308 Littauer, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Harvard Business School, 441 Baker Library, Boston, MA 02163, USA Eyal Ert eert@hbs.edu Max Wertheimer Minerva Center for Cognitive Studies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel Computer Laboratory for Experimental Research, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, 02163, USA Department of Economics, 308 Littauer, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Harvard Business School, 441 Baker Library, Boston, MA 02163, USA Alvin E. Roth aroth@hbs.edu Max Wertheimer Minerva Center for Cognitive Studies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel Computer Laboratory for Experimental Research, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, 02163, USA Department of Economics, 308 Littauer, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Harvard Business School, 441 Baker Library, Boston, MA 02163, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-12:d:85712010-10-15RePEc

article The main purpose of this paper is to review and compare E-waste management systems operating in East Asian countries in efforts to identify future challenges facing the circulative economies in the region. The first topic of this paper is cost sharing (physical and financial) as applied to the various stakeholders, including producers, consumers, local governments and recyclers, in the E-waste management systems. The second topic is the environmental and economical impacts of these E-waste management systems on recycling technology, trans-boundary movement of E-wastes and Design for Environment (DfE). The final topic is the possibility for international cooperation in the region in terms of E-waste management systems. The authors’ preliminary result is that the E-waste management systems operating in these East Asian countries have contributed to extended producer responsibility and DfE to some extent, but many challenges remain in their improvement through proper cost sharing among the stakeholders. It is also clear that the cross-border transfer of E-wastes cannot be resolved by one nation alone, and thus international cooperation will be indispensable in finding a suitable solution. E-waste recycling; extended producer responsibility; East Asia; circulative economy 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1632/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1632/ text/html Soo-cheol Lee slee@ccmfs.meijo-u.ac.jp Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi Tenpark-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan Hiroshima Shudo University, 1-1-1 Ozukahigashi, Asaminamiku, Hiroshima 731-3195, Japan Sung-in Na nasungin@shudo-u.ac.jp Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi Tenpark-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan Hiroshima Shudo University, 1-1-1 Ozukahigashi, Asaminamiku, Hiroshima 731-3195, Japan

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:3:p:1-25:d:74522010-10-15RePEc

article This paper proposes a framework based on which innovations in wind power technologies can be evaluated from the standpoint of their contribution to diffusion expansion. The framework helps build up a missing link between the technical literature on innovations and policy-oriented contributions concerned with the diffusion potential of wind power in national energy systems. The ideas are applied for the evaluation of wind technology innovations adopted in Spain. The framework can help policy-makers prioritize their innovation objectives and funding, so as to support the adoption of innovations that deserve the highest priority, given the country’s resources and energy system characteristics. wind power; diffusion potential; technological innovations 3 2010 2 3 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/757/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/757/ text/html Valentina Dinica Valentina.Dinica@vuw.ac.nz School of Government, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-12:d:65902010-10-15RePEc

article The Amazon Rain Forest has attracted worldwide attention due its large scale services to climate and also due to the green house gas emissions arising from deforestation. Contributing to the later and detrimental to the former, timber logging in the region has very low efficiency (only 16% in the production chain). Such timber extraction, often referred to as selective logging, has been claimed as a sustainable extractive industry, because the forest is said to restore itself through regenerative growth. But forest regeneration in the Amazon occurs naturally only in a very limited scale, resulting that large scale, low efficiency logging poses a big treat to the functional integrity of the biome, supplying to the market only a fraction of what it could if done differently. So, instead of extracting big centennial logs from the forests, the Amazonian Phoenix project proposes that large expanses of degraded lands be reforested using pioneer plants species from the forest itself. These plants have the capacity to heal gaps in the canopy, being able to grow and produce woody biomass in very extreme conditions. The idea is to mimic the regenerative dynamics of the natural ecosystem in short cycle agrosilvicultural production areas, utilizing a variety of technologies to transform raw fibers from these fast growth native plants into a variety of materials with high aggregated value. This communication presents the research on natural fibers by the Polymeric Composites Group within the Amazonian Phoenix Project. Sustainable technologies employing materials with good and responsible ecological footprints are important and necessary stimulus for a change in the destructive economical activities present in the Amazon frontiers. The relatively well established wood polymer composites technology, for example, is a good candidate solution. Two research and development fields are proposed: the first one considers production systems with simple and cheap machinery, to facilitate technology assimilation by rural communities in the Amazon. The second one aims at developing composite materials with advanced production technology, like profile and sheet extrusion and injection molding. The source of the fibers would be both the short cycle agrosilviculture with softwood species, on already deforested lands, and the hardwood residues from operating sawmills. Preliminary results show that softwood fibers act as potentially important reinforcement for synthetic plastics. polymer-wood composites; native plant fibers; Amazonian forest 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1431/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1431/ text/html Marcia C. Branciforti marciacb@ufscar.br Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, DEMa-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Centro de Caracterização e Desenvolvimento de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CCDM-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Escritório Regional do INPA no INPE Sigma, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, CEP12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil Alessandra L. Marinelli alucas@ccdm.ufscar.br Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, DEMa-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Centro de Caracterização e Desenvolvimento de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CCDM-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Escritório Regional do INPA no INPE Sigma, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, CEP12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil Marcio Kobayashi kobayashi.m@gmail.com Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, DEMa-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Centro de Caracterização e Desenvolvimento de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CCDM-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Escritório Regional do INPA no INPE Sigma, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, CEP12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil Jose D. Ambrosio donato@ccdm.ufscar.br Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, DEMa-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Centro de Caracterização e Desenvolvimento de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CCDM-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Escritório Regional do INPA no INPE Sigma, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, CEP12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil Marcos R. Monteiro monteiro@ccdm.ufscar.br Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, DEMa-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Centro de Caracterização e Desenvolvimento de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CCDM-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Escritório Regional do INPA no INPE Sigma, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, CEP12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil Antonio D. Nobre anobre@ltid.inpe.br Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, DEMa-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Centro de Caracterização e Desenvolvimento de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CCDM-UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brasil Escritório Regional do INPA no INPE Sigma, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, CEP12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:10:p:1-27:d:98572010-10-15RePEc

article In this paper, we review the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Scenarios and their assumptions on biodiversity conservation, using a framework based on the cultural theory (CT) perspectives. We explored an adaptation of the CT typology and the significance of some underrepresented worldviews for discussions on conservation in a changing world. The evaluation of the assumptions on biodiversity conservation in the scenario studies and storylines adds to our understanding of the socio-cultural dimensions of biodiversity loss in a changing world. It contributes to an understanding of the worldviews underlying the complex debates on biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Making such assumptions and world views explicit will help policymakers and conservationists discuss the diversity of conservation strategies in the face of uncertainty. global scenario studies; cultural perspectives; biodiversity conservation; ecosystem services 10 2010 2 10 Sustainability 1 27 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/10/3211/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/10/3211/ text/html Carijn Beumer Carijn.Beumer@Maastrichtuniversity.nl International Centre for Integrated assessment and Sustainable Development (ICIS), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Sustainability Sciences, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany Pim Martens p.martens@maastrichtuniversity.nl International Centre for Integrated assessment and Sustainable Development (ICIS), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Sustainability Sciences, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-24:d:54742010-10-15RePEc

article This paper investigates the linkage between emerging urban spatial development and institutional arrangements in China. Emerging spatial patterns, which are prevalent and sizable so that any impacts will be substantial, include dispersed employment concentration, fragmented land development, over-scaled land development, leapfrogging development, and whack-a-mole development. From the institutional point of view, these patterns are associated with decentralization, fiscal incentives for local government, land regulations, and fragmented planning system. It is concluded that these emerging spatial patterns significantly affect long term city sustainable growth and comprehensive reforms are needed to promote efficient urban spatial forms. It is further concluded that labor division between planning and markets should be reshaped in determining urban spatial growth by shifting planning to focus on zoning that provides sufficient development room in a long term and making markets to decide the timing of land development. urban spatial growth patterns; decentralization; fragmented planning; China 3 2009 1 8 Sustainability 1 24 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/384/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/384/ text/html Chengri Ding cding@umd.edu National Center for Smart Growth, The University of Maryland, 1112L Preinkert House Building, 054 College Park, MD, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:1:p:1-25:d:43852010-10-15RePEc

article Many factors to be appropriately addressed in moving towards energy sustainability are examined. These include harnessing sustainable energy sources, utilizing sustainable energy carriers, increasing efficiency, reducing environmental impact and improving socioeconomic acceptability. The latter factor includes community involvement and social acceptability, economic affordability and equity, lifestyles, land use and aesthetics. Numerous illustrations demonstrate measures consistent with the approach put forward, and options for energy sustainability and the broader objective of sustainability. Energy sustainability is of great importance to overall sustainability given the pervasiveness of energy use, its importance in economic development and living standards, and its impact on the environment. Energy; Sustainability; Renewable energy; Efficiency; Environment; Economics; Exergy; Life cycle analysis 1 2009 1 3 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/55/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/55/ text/html Marc A. Rosen marc.rosen@uoit.ca Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-21:d:64642010-10-15RePEc

article The commercial seed industry has undergone tremendous consolidation in the last 40 years as transnational corporations entered this agricultural sector, and acquired or merged with competing firms. This trend is associated with impacts that constrain the opportunities for renewable agriculture, such as reductions in seed lines and a declining prevalence of seed saving. To better characterize the current structure of the industry, ownership changes from 1996 to 2008 are represented visually with information graphics. Since the commercialization of transgenic crops in the mid-1990s, the sale of seeds has become dominated globally by Monsanto, DuPont and Syngenta. In addition, the largest firms are increasingly networked through agreements to cross-license transgenic seed traits. seed industry; consolidation; concentration; oligopoly; information graphics 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 21 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1266/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1266/ text/html Philip H. Howard howardp@msu.edu Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 316 Natural Resources, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-10:d:70332010-10-15RePEc

article This paper analyzes the socio-cultural dimensions of obstacles facing solar photovoltaic projects in two villages in rural Nepal. The study was conducted in Humla District, Nepal, one of the most remote and impoverished regions of the country. There are no roads in the district, homes lack running water and villagers’ health suffers from high levels of indoor air pollution from open cooking/heating fires and the smoky torches traditionally burned for light. The introduction of solar energy is important to these villagers, as it removes one major source of indoor air pollution from homes and provides brighter light than the traditional torches. Solar energy is preferable in many villages in the region due to the lack of suitable streams or rivers for micro-hydroelectric projects. In the villages under study in this paper, in-home solar electricity is a novel and recent innovation, and was installed within the last three years in two different geo-spatial styles, depending upon the configuration of homes in the village. In some villages, houses are grouped together, while in others households are widely dispersed. In the former, solar photovoltaic systems were installed in a “cluster” fashion with multiple homes utilizing power from a central battery store under the control of the householder storing the battery bank. In villages with widely spaced households, a single home system was used so that each home had a separate solar photovoltaic array, wiring system and battery bank. It became clear that the cluster system was the sensible choice due to the geographic layout of certain villages, but this put people into management groups that did not always work well due to caste or other differences. This paper describes the two systems and their management and usage costs and benefits from the perspective of the villagers themselves. solar photovoltaic systems; village end-user; Nepal 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 10 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/494/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/494/ text/html Kimber Haddix McKay kimber.mckay@umontana.edu Department of Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-17:d:91392010-10-15RePEc

article There is wide agreement that a transition toward deeper forms of sustainability would require transformational changes at many levels, transcending current patterns of incremental progress. Transformational changes might only occur, in many instances, over time frames that extend well beyond those of mainstream approaches to planning. The need for more explicit attention to longer term futures is reflected in the increasing use of scenario-based processes applied to sustainability challenges. The full potential of scenario development remains, however, largely untapped; many audiences have yet to be engaged, intrigued and influenced by them. This review article explores key barriers to more effective use of scenario development in relation to sustainability challenges, including: (1) the persistent predictive orientation of sustainability planning exercises; (2) the relatively low level of interest in weak signals and their implications; (3) institutionalized aversion to long term planning; and (4) the predominance of an essentialist perspective. scenarios; scenario development; scenario building in support of sustainability strategy (SBSS); weak signals; essentialism 8 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2449/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2449/ text/html Peter R. Mulvihill prm@yorku.ca Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada Victoria Kramkowski epner@yorku.ca Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-24:d:95562010-10-15RePEc

article This theoretical paper clarifies the concept of sustainability learning and specifically analyzes motivational aspects. Mastering the challenges of sustainability requires individual learning as well as learning processes on different levels of human systems ranging from groups and organizations to human societies, and mankind as a whole. Learning processes of individuals play a fundamental role, since individuals constitute and shape the larger social aggregates. Learning processes on the level of social aggregates are important since social systems embed and influence individuals. Therefore, sustainability learning needs to be understood as a multi-level concept, comprising individual learning as well as learning processes of human systems. Transdisciplinarity and mutual learning between science and society are considered fundamental approaches of sustainability learning, and hence increase the capacity of mankind to manage human-environment systems in sustainable ways. Based on systemic considerations, the two-fold role, in which motivations act as determinants and targeted outcomes of sustainability learning processes, is explained together with the outstanding role that cooperation, hence cooperative motivation, plays for sustainable development. Finally, the multifaceted, controversial discourses on what sustainability ultimately means (for the scientific community, for a given cultural or political entity, organization, or individual person) are considered. sustainability learning; motivation; affective; cognitive; learning goals; social learning; sustainability 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 24 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2873/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2873/ text/html Ralf Hansmann hansmann@env.ethz.ch Department of Environmental Sciences, Natural and Social Science Interface (NSSI), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 33, ETH SOL F.7, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-16:d:90802010-10-15RePEc

article The innovation of phase change material (PCM) for thermal heat storage is one sustainable passive strategy that can be integrated into building designs. This research was conducted to study and evaluate the performance of the existing materials integrated with PCM and to propose a design strategy that would improve the system. This research suggested copper foam as a medium to be integrated with microencapsulated PCM. Applications of these combined materials will benefit the industry by improving indoor environments and by delivering sufficient thermal comfort for residents as in the case study of the existing 1.6 million terrace houses in Malaysia. phase change material; latent heat storage; thermal comfort; sustainable design technology 8 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2365/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2365/ text/html Mohd Hafizal Mohd Isa hafiz@sabine.pln.archi.tohoku.ac.jp Laboratory of Building Environmental Engineering, Department of Architecture and Building Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 1201, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aobaku, 980-8579, Sendai, Japan Department of Built Environment, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK Xudong Zhao xudong.zhao@nottingham.ac.uk Laboratory of Building Environmental Engineering, Department of Architecture and Building Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 1201, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aobaku, 980-8579, Sendai, Japan Department of Built Environment, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK Hiroshi Yoshino yoshino@sabine.pln.archi.tohoku.ac.jp Laboratory of Building Environmental Engineering, Department of Architecture and Building Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 1201, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aobaku, 980-8579, Sendai, Japan Department of Built Environment, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:3:p:1-20:d:88642010-10-15RePEc

article In this paper we want to shed some light on what we mean by backward induction and forward induction reasoning in dynamic games. To that purpose, we take the concepts of common belief in future rationality (Perea [1]) and extensive form rationalizability (Pearce [2], Battigalli [3], Battigalli and Siniscalchi [4]) as possible representatives for backward induction and forward induction reasoning. We compare both concepts on a conceptual, epistemic and an algorithm level, thereby highlighting some of the crucial differences between backward and forward induction reasoning in dynamic games. epistemic game theory; backward induction; forward induction; algorithms 3 2010 1 7 Games 1 20 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/168/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/168/ text/html Andres Perea a.perea@maastrichtuniversity.nl Department of Quantitative Economics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-28:d:90442010-10-15RePEc

article In the United States, today’s ranches are engaging in small-scale nature-based endeavors to diversify their income base. But the geographic boundary of the land they own creates a relatively small area within which to operate, and fragmented ownership diminishes the ability of any single landowner to produce nature-based income. Collective action among nearby landowners can produce a set of resources from which all members of the group can profit. Such action can enhance the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of grasslands and the populations that use them. This article shows that common-interest communities can be used to provide and allocate wildlife and other resources on ranchlands, enabling individual landowners to generate more income from selling nature-based experiences to customers. Common-interest communities are familiar in urban settings but they have not yet been used in this setting. Thus, the article proposes a new approach to ranchland management based upon a familiar set of largely private legal arrangements. More broadly, the article illustrates the relevance of private law and private property to sustainable development by explaining how property owners can use private law to engage in environmentally beneficial and economically profitable enterprises on the vast privately owned landscape of the U.S. Great Plains. common-interest communities; collective action; law; rural development; servitudes; natural resources; wildlife 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 28 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2320/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2320/ text/html Anthony B. Schutz aschutz2@unl.edu University of Nebraska College of Law, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 830902, 215 McCollum Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-12:d:89992010-10-15RePEc

article This case study deals with long-term contamination of the Leuna aquifer, which is intended to be restored using sustainable technologies financed by the state. The contamination can only be solved using active rather than passive intervention, because the aquifer has an extraordinarily low natural attenuation capacity for the specific pollutants. Due to the longevity of the contamination source, the groundwater treatment technology that was chosen for the site must operate for a minimum of 20 years but probably much longer. Since the polluter-pay principle cannot be applied, the estimated dynamic primary remediation costs must be accepted as a political or social cost, which must be paid by current and future generations. groundwater contamination; MTBE-remediation technologies; social costs for groundwater rehabilitation measures 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2219/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2219/ text/html Mario Schirmer mario.schirmer@eawag.ch Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstraße 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany Horst Niemes email@horst-niemes.de Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstraße 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:3:p:1-17:d:95542010-10-15RePEc

article This article surveys studies on universally balanced properties of cooperative games defined in a succinct form. In particular, we focus on combinatorial optimization games in which the values to coalitions are defined through linear optimization programs, possibly combinatorial, that is subject to integer constraints. In economic settings, the integer requirement reflects some forms of indivisibility. We are interested in the classes of games that guarantee a non-empty core no matter what are the admissible values assigned to the parameters defining these programs. We call such classes universally balanced. We present characterization and complexity results on the universally balancedness property for some classes of interesting combinatorial optimization games. In particular, we focus on the algorithmic properties for identifying universally balancedness for the games under discussion. combinatorial cooperative games; balanced; blocking; core; integrality 3 2010 1 9 Games 1 17 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/299/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/299/ text/html Gabrielle Demange demange@pse.ens.fr Paris School of Economics, 48 bd Jourdan, 75014 Paris, France Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Xiaotie Deng deng@cs.cityu.edu.hk Paris School of Economics, 48 bd Jourdan, 75014 Paris, France Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-20:d:71542010-10-15RePEc

article A feasibility analysis is reported of reduction opportunities for volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in manufacturing office furniture partitions, aimed at contributing to efforts to improve the sustainability of the process. A pollution prevention methodology is utilized. The purpose is to provide practical options for VOC emissions reductions during the manufacturing of office furniture partitions, but the concepts can be generally applied to the wood furniture industry. Baseline VOC emissions for a typical plant are estimated using a mass balance approach. The feasibility analysis expands on a preliminary screening to identify viable pollution prevention options using realistic criteria and weightings, and is based on technical, environmental and economic considerations. The measures deemed feasible include the implementation of several best management practices, ceasing the painting of non-visible parts, switching to hot melt backwrapping glue, application of solvent recycling and modification of the mechanical clip attachment. Implementation, measurement and control plans are discussed for the measures considered feasible, which can enhance the sustainability of the manufacturing of office furniture partitions. Reducing VOC emissions using the measures identified can, in conjunction with other measures, improve the sustainability of the manufacturing process. sustainability; volatile organic compound; VOC; manufacturing; office furniture; pollution prevention; emissions 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/624/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/624/ text/html Frank S. Luisser fluisser@yahoo.com Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada Marc A. Rosen marc.rosen@uoit.ca Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-20:d:90912010-10-15RePEc

article Socio-technical or strategic approach to renewable energy deployment all suggests that the uptake of renewable energy technology such as solar photovoltaic is as much a social issue as a technical issue. Among social issues, one most direct and immediate component is the cost of the renewable energy technology. Because renewable electricity provides no new functionality—a clean electron does the same work as a dirty electron does—but is relatively expensive compared with fossil fuel based electricity, there is currently an under-supply of renewable electricity. Policy instruments based on economics approaches are therefore developed to encourage the production and consumption of renewable electricity, aiming to remediate the market inefficiencies that stem from the failure in internalizing the environmental or social costs of fossil fuels.<strong> </strong>In this vein, the most discussed instruments are renewable portfolio standard or <em>quota based system</em> and the general category of<em> feed</em><em>-in tariff</em>. Feed-in tariff is to support output or generation of the renewable electricity by subsidizing revenues. The existing discussions have all concerned about the <em>relative</em> effectiveness of these two instruments in terms of cost, prices and implementation efficiency. This paper attempts a different basis of evaluation of these two instruments in terms of cost and (network) externality effects. The cost effect is driven by deploying the renewable as a <em>manufactured</em> technology, and the network externality effect is driven by deploying the renewable as an <em>information </em>technology. The deployment instruments are studied in terms of how these two effects are leveraged in the deployment process. Our formulation lends itself to evolutionary policy interpretation. Future research directions associated with this new energy policy framework is then suggested. renewable energy; manufactured technology; information technology; network externality; evolutionary policy 8 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2382/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2382/ text/html Kwok L. Shum kwokshum@stanfordalumni.org Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-68:d:60222010-10-15RePEc

article A groundwater mound (or pressure mound) is defined as a volume of fluid dominated by viscous flow contained within a sediment volume where the dominant fluid flow is by Knudsen Diffusion. High permeability self-sealing groundwater mounds can be created as part of a sustainable urban drainage scheme (SUDS) using infiltration devices. This study considers how they form, and models their expansion and growth as a function of infiltration device recharge. The mounds grow through lateral macropore propagation within a Dupuit envelope. Excess pressure relief is through propagating vertical surge shafts. These surge shafts can, when they intersect the ground surface result, in high volume overland flow. The study considers that the creation of self-sealing groundwater mounds in matrix supported (clayey) sediments (intrinsic permeability = 10^–8 to 10^–30 m³ m^–2 s^–1 Pa^–1) is a low cost, sustainable method which can be used to dispose of large volumes of storm runoff (<20→2,000 m³/24 hr storm/infiltration device) and raise groundwater levels. However, the inappropriate location of pressure mounds can result in repeated seepage and ephemeral spring formation associated with substantial volumes of uncontrolled overland flow. The flow rate and flood volume associated with each overland flow event may be substantially larger than the associated recharge to the pressure mound. In some instances, the volume discharged as overland flow in a few hours may exceed the total storm water recharge to the groundwater mound over the previous three weeks. Macropore modeling is used within the context of a pressure mound poro-elastic fluid expulsion model in order to analyze this phenomena and determine (i) how this phenomena can be used to extract large volumes of stored filtered storm water (at high flow rates) from within a self-sealing high permeability pressure mound and (ii) how self-sealing pressure mounds (created using storm water infiltration) can be used to provide a sustainable low cost source of treated water for agricultural, drinking, and other water abstraction purposes. storm water disposal; infiltration; macropores; natural pipe; water treatment; water supply sources; groundwater mound; overland flow; storm water recycling; SUDS; infiltration device; soakaway; seepage; ephemeral spring; clay clods; modeling; air-water contact; standing water 4 2009 1 10 Sustainability 1 68 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/855/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/855/ text/html David D. J. Antia dcacl@btconnect.com DCA Consultants Ltd., Haughend Farm, Bridge of Earn Road, Dunning, Perthshire, PH2 9BX, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-20:d:93702010-10-15RePEc

article Both scenario visioning and participatory system dynamics modeling emphasize the dynamic and uncontrollable nature of complex socio-ecological systems, and the significance of multiple feedback mechanisms. These two methodologies complement one another, but are rarely used together. We partnered with regional organizations in Minnesota to design a future visioning process that incorporated both scenarios and participatory system dynamics modeling. The three purposes of this exercise were: first, to assist regional leaders in making strategic decisions that would make their communities sustainable; second, to identify research gaps that could impede the ability of regional and state groups to plan for the future; and finally, to introduce more systems thinking into planning and policy-making around environmental issues. We found that scenarios and modeling complemented one another, and that both techniques allowed regional groups to focus on the sustainability of fundamental support systems (energy, food, and water supply). The process introduced some creative tensions between imaginative scenario visioning and quantitative system dynamics modeling, and between creating desired futures (a strong cultural norm) and inhabiting the future (a premise of the Minnesota 2050 exercise). We suggest that these tensions can stimulate more agile, strategic thinking about the future. scenarios; participatory modeling; multiple futures; energy; water 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2686/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2686/ text/html Laura K. Schmitt Olabisi schmi420@msu.edu Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 151 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, 6182 Steele Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 VoTech Building, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Meeting Challenges, 1022 West Country Road D, St. Paul, MN 55126, USA University of Minnesota Regional Sustainable Development Partnerships, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Anne R. Kapuscinski anne.r.kapuscinski@dartmouth.edu Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 151 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, 6182 Steele Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 VoTech Building, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Meeting Challenges, 1022 West Country Road D, St. Paul, MN 55126, USA University of Minnesota Regional Sustainable Development Partnerships, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Kris A. Johnson krisj@umn.edu Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 151 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, 6182 Steele Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 VoTech Building, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Meeting Challenges, 1022 West Country Road D, St. Paul, MN 55126, USA University of Minnesota Regional Sustainable Development Partnerships, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Peter B. Reich preich@umn.edu Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 151 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, 6182 Steele Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 VoTech Building, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Meeting Challenges, 1022 West Country Road D, St. Paul, MN 55126, USA University of Minnesota Regional Sustainable Development Partnerships, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Brian Stenquist meetingchallenges@prodigy.net Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 151 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, 6182 Steele Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 VoTech Building, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Meeting Challenges, 1022 West Country Road D, St. Paul, MN 55126, USA University of Minnesota Regional Sustainable Development Partnerships, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Kathryn J. Draeger Draeg001@umn.edu Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 151 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, 6182 Steele Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 VoTech Building, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Meeting Challenges, 1022 West Country Road D, St. Paul, MN 55126, USA University of Minnesota Regional Sustainable Development Partnerships, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-25:d:87182010-10-15RePEc

article This paper advances five linked and controversial propositions that have both deep historical roots and urgent contemporary relevance. These are: (a) the rebound effects from energy efficiency improvements are significant and limit the potential for decoupling energy consumption from economic growth; (b) the contribution of energy to productivity improvements and economic growth has been greatly underestimated; (c) the pursuit of improved efficiency needs to be complemented by an ethic of sufficiency; (d) sustainability is incompatible with continued economic growth in rich countries; and (e) a zero-growth economy is incompatible with a fractional reserve banking system. These propositions run counter to conventional wisdom and each highlights either a "blind spot" or "taboo subject" that deserves closer scrutiny. While accepting one proposition reinforces the case for accepting the next, the former is neither necessary nor sufficient for the latter. rebound effect; steady-state economy; monetary reform 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1784/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1784/ text/html Steven Sorrell s.r.sorrell@sussex.ac.uk Sussex Energy Group, SPRU—Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Sussex, Sussex House, Brighton, BN1 9QE, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-21:d:89932010-10-15RePEc

article Tourism can be an important source of livelihoods at a destination level. Yet, while there are economic benefits associated with more tourists, there can also be costs to destinations in the form of negative environmental and social impacts. This paper illustrates tourism-related dilemmas for two remote regions within Australia’s tropical savannas where increasing visitor numbers are straining not only the very environmental assets that attract tourist, but also the host communities. The paper draws on research conducted under the auspices of the Tropical Savannas Management Cooperative Research Centre. Tourism impacts on the regions are described and, where possible, quantified and distributional effects discussed. Evidence is provided that host populations in the remote of Australia’s tropical savannas are willing to trade off environmental and social costs for economic benefits, but that this situation may not be ecologically sustainable. The regions are parts of much larger destinations and consequently peripheral to their concerns. The onus for sustainable tourism and regional development strategies therefore falls on local decision makers. The research presented here provides a framework for local decision makers and stakeholders to ask questions, collect relevant data, and proceed with informed debates and choices. Kimberley; Gulf of Carpentaria; tropical savannas; nature-based tourism; host populations; indigenous participation 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 21 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2197/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2197/ text/html Romy Greiner romy.greiner@cdu.edu.au School for Environmental Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-14:d:55482010-10-15RePEc

article Using retail purchase data reported by Nielsen’s Homescan panel this study investigates the U.S. demand for organic and conventional fresh fruits. The study fills an important research void by estimating the much needed income and price elasticities for organic and conventional fruits utilizing a censored demand approach. Household income is found to affect organic fruit consumption. Consumers are more responsive to price of organic fruits than to price of conventional fruits. Cross-price effects suggest that a change in relative prices will more likely induce consumers to “cross-over” from buying conventional fruits to buying organic fruits, while it is less likely that organic consumers will “revert” to buying conventional fruits. National Organic Standards; Nielsen Homescan; organic fruit demand; price elasticities; censored demand system 3 2009 1 8 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/464/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/464/ text/html Biing-Hwan Lin blin@ers.usda.gov Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1800 M Street NW, Washington, DC, 20036-5831, USA Department of Agricultural Economics, The University of Tennessee, 2621 Morgan Circle, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4518, USA Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 313-E Conner Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7509, USA Steven T. Yen syen@utk.edu Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1800 M Street NW, Washington, DC, 20036-5831, USA Department of Agricultural Economics, The University of Tennessee, 2621 Morgan Circle, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4518, USA Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 313-E Conner Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7509, USA Chung L. Huang chuang@uga.edu Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1800 M Street NW, Washington, DC, 20036-5831, USA Department of Agricultural Economics, The University of Tennessee, 2621 Morgan Circle, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4518, USA Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 313-E Conner Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7509, USA Travis A. Smith tsmith@ers.usda.gov Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1800 M Street NW, Washington, DC, 20036-5831, USA Department of Agricultural Economics, The University of Tennessee, 2621 Morgan Circle, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4518, USA Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 313-E Conner Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7509, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-20:d:90042010-10-15RePEc

article Addressing climate change and the collapse of ecosystems without threatening the economy, while simultaneously improving the well-being of all people and ensuring social justice and equality, seems to be the largest challenge in the history of mankind. So far, all the efforts to address growing environmental and human problems through technological solutions and policy measures have been largely outpaced by growing population and increasing consumption levels. Therefore, an understanding of the essential driving forces and complexities of consumption, and of how environmental impacts from rising consumption can be reduced, is becoming increasingly important. This understanding can be achieved by analyzing not only economic frameworks, political settings, business models, and technological innovations, but also social norms, psychological factors, and collective and individual decision-making processes. This article, Part I, provides a meta-analysis of the main political, economic, technological, and business drivers of contemporary consumption and offers a systematic discussion of the relevance of these factors for the instigation of change towards sustainable patterns and levels of consumption. The main conclusion from Part I and II is that a systems-thinking approach is required in order to understand how various political, technical, social, economic, and psychological drivers overlap and influence each other in creating our consumer society. formal institutions; consumption; sustainable consumption 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2232/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2232/ text/html Oksana Mont oksana.mont@iiiee.lu.se The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University, P.O. Box 196, Tegnersplatsen 4, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Copenhagen Resource Institute, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200 Copenhagen, Denmark Kate Power kapow@etc.mim.dk The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University, P.O. Box 196, Tegnersplatsen 4, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Copenhagen Resource Institute, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200 Copenhagen, Denmark

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-27:d:83562010-10-15RePEc

article The world’s coastal ecosystems are among the most complex on Earth, and they are currently being governed unsustainably, by any definition. Climate change will only add to this complexity, underscoring the necessity of finding new ways to govern for these ecosystems’ sustainable use. After reviewing the problems facing coastal ecosystems and innovations in their governance, this article argues that governance of coastal ecosystems must move to place-based adaptive management regimes that incorporate innovative and flexible regulatory mechanisms, such as market-based incentives. coastal ecosystems; sustainability; governance; adaptive management; place-based management; ecosystem-based management; market-based regulation; ecosystem services 5 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 27 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1361/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1361/ text/html Robin Kundis Craig rcraig@law.fsu.edu College of Law, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1601, USA J.B. Ruhl jruhl@law.fsu.edu College of Law, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1601, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-16:d:65062010-10-15RePEc

article The impact of arsenic on human health has led its drinking water MCL to be drastically reduced from 50 to 10 ppb. Consequently, arsenic levels in many water supply sources have become critical. This has resulted in technical and operational impacts on many drinking water treatment plants that have required onerous upgrading to meet the new standard. This becomes a very sensitive issue in the context of water scarcity and climate change, given the expected increasing demand on groundwater sources. This work presents a case study that describes the development of low-cost techniques for efficient arsenic control in drinking water. The results obtained at the Manteigas WTP (Portugal) demonstrate the successful implementation of an effective and flexible process of reactive filtration using iron oxide. At real-scale, very high removal efficiencies of over 95% were obtained. safe drinking water; public health; arsenic removal; emerging techniques; real-scale removal efficiencies; water sources sustainability; Manteigas WTP (Portugal) 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1288/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1288/ text/html António A. L. S. Duarte aduarte@civil.uminho.pt Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Largo do Paço, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal Águas do Zêzere e Côa, SA, Rua Dr. Francisco Pissarra de Matos, 21-r/c, 6300-906 Guarda, Portugal Sílvia J. A. Cardoso scardoso@adzc.adp.pt Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Largo do Paço, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal Águas do Zêzere e Côa, SA, Rua Dr. Francisco Pissarra de Matos, 21-r/c, 6300-906 Guarda, Portugal António J. Alçada aalcada@adzc.adp.pt Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Largo do Paço, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal Águas do Zêzere e Côa, SA, Rua Dr. Francisco Pissarra de Matos, 21-r/c, 6300-906 Guarda, Portugal

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-23:d:72002010-10-15RePEc

article Dodders (<em>Cuscuta</em> spp.) are parasitic plants that threaten the sustainability of many crops. Because this parasite is very adept and successful from biological and ecological perspectives, a single control strategy is unlikely to provide sufficient economic control. Dodder (<em>C. gronovii</em>) is a particularly serious pest in commercial cranberry (<em>Vaccinium macrocarpon</em>) production. Multiple viable strategies must be integrated and tailored into a weed management plan to provide acceptable control. The key to sustainable management of this serious pest will require a combination of chemical and cultural approaches, supported by understanding the complicated nature of dodder biology. Research from small fruit production systems like cranberry into the biology of dodder (e.g., germination patterns, host preference, use of plant growth regulators) may provide insights that could ultimately be useful for other crop system management plans. This paper will present the current knowledge base for integrated management of dodder in cranberry as well as highlight relevant research from other crops and potential topics for future research. parasitic plants; <em>Cuscuta</em>; weed management; IPM; <em>Vaccinium macrocarpon</em> 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 23 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/660/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/660/ text/html Hilary A. Sandler hsandler@umext.umass.edu Cranberry Station, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, P.O. Box 569, East Wareham, MA 02538, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-19:d:79912010-10-15RePEc

article Land conversion is often not carried out in a sustainable way. The loss of arable land and biodiversity, concern about food security and rising costs of infrastructure due to urban sprawl are just some of the problems under discussion. This paper compares Germany, China and Cambodia. The article points out that, despite huge differences in institutions and governance, unsustainable land use changes mostly have some patterns in common: The beneficiaries of land conversion are often well-organized actors, whereas the costs of land conversion are often shifted to poorly organized groups and to society as a whole. A sustainable land use policy has to look for a better coupling of benefits and costs of land use changes. In order to achieve this goal, the article suggests completing the planning law with a suitable economic framework. land use changes; planning; property tax; financial equalization scheme 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 19 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1035/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1035/ text/html Dirk Loehr d.loehr@umwelt-campus.de University of Applied Sciences, Trier, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, P.O. Box 1380, D-55761 Birkenfeld, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:3:p:1-23:d:92332010-10-15RePEc

article We analyze dynamic local interaction in population games where the local interaction structure (modeled as a graph) can change over time: A stochastic process generates a random sequence of graphs. This contrasts with models where the initial interaction structure (represented by a deterministic graph or the realization of a random graph) cannot change over time. local interaction games; coordination games; random graphs; contagion 3 2010 1 8 Games 1 23 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/262/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/262/ text/html Siegfried Berninghaus Institut für Wirtschaftstheorie und Statistik (ETS), Universität Karlsruhe (TH), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0316, USA Hans Haller haller@vt.edu Institut für Wirtschaftstheorie und Statistik (ETS), Universität Karlsruhe (TH), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0316, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-11:d:69302010-10-15RePEc

article This essay explores a specific aspect of the role of attitude in design. The design of the built environment requires us constantly to make aesthetic and ethical judgments; every design decision has to be satisfactorily justified. Surprisingly perhaps, this requires a clear concept of justice against which a design can be grounded. Aesthetic concerns about quality spill into ethical concerns about the rightness of a decision and vice versa. This essay discusses a simple but crucial question: if a designer is aware of Cradle to Cradle as a theory of design but fails to act according to its principles, is it then possible to justify the resultant design? In other words, is Cradle to Cradle as a design theory that most rare of transcendental notions: a Categorical Imperative? Why might it be useful to describe it as such? Does the fact that we do not yet know how to redesign most products and processes according to its principles disqualify the theory? Does a dismissal of the Cradle to Cradle theory inevitably lead to an unfair society? These are serious questions, with interesting answers and far reaching implications for the way we think about design. First we shall explain what Cradle to Cradle means and how it distinguishes itself from other theories of sustainability. Then we shall put that explanation in the context of two ethical theories, first of all John Rawls’ Theory of Justice and second Immanuel Kant’s concept of the Categorical Imperative. After that we shall note a few problems concerning Cradle to Cradle design theory and put those into perspective. This will lead to an important attitudinal conclusion, namely that Cradle to Cradle can legitimately be described as one of those extremely rare cases which deserves universal applicability. We will offer a two-pronged strategy as to how to proceed. Cradle to Cradle; Categorical Imperative; Justice as Fairness 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 11 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/371/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/371/ text/html Jacob Voorthuis J.C.T.Voorthuis@bwk.tue.nl Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands Cyrille Gijbels C.E.H.Gijbels@student.tue.nl Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-19:d:56832010-10-15RePEc

article Chemicals have become the backbone of manufacturing within industrialized economies. Being energy-intensive materials to produce, this sector is threatened by policies aimed at combating and adapting to climate change. This study examines the worst-case scenario for the U.S. chemicals industry when a medium CO₂ price policy is employed. After examining possible industry responses, the study goes on to identify and provide a preliminary evaluation of potential opportunities to mitigate these impacts. If climate regulations are applied only in the United States, and no action is taken to invest in advanced low- and no-carbon technologies to mitigate the impacts of rising energy costs, the examination shows that climate policies that put a price on carbon could have substantial impacts on the competiveness of the U.S. chemicals industry over the next two decades. In the long run, there exist technologies that are available to enable the chemicals sector to achieve sufficient efficiency gains to offset and manage the additional energy costs arising from a climate policy. chemicals; petrochemical; chlorine; alkaline; climate policy; dynamic modeling; industry competitiveness; cap and trade 3 2009 1 9 Sustainability 1 19 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/592/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/592/ text/html Andrea Bassi ab@millennium-institute.org Millennium Institute, 2111 Wilson Blvd, Suite 700, Arlington, VA 20001, USA University of Bergen, Postboks 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway High Road Strategies / 104 N, Columbus Street, Arlington, VA 22203, USA Joel Yudken jyudken@highroadstrategies.com Millennium Institute, 2111 Wilson Blvd, Suite 700, Arlington, VA 20001, USA University of Bergen, Postboks 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway High Road Strategies / 104 N, Columbus Street, Arlington, VA 22203, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-26:d:80512010-10-15RePEc

article On paper, the United Kingdom (UK) has the architecture in place to actually start delivering sustainable development. The current UK-wide framework for sustainable development and the individual strategies made under it are all relatively modern and progressive in considering environmental limits and long-term effects. This framework, however, lacks a legislative foundation in the UK. Moreover, these strategies are not delivering in the three areas considered vital for the proper implementation of sustainable development—improving understanding, providing a comprehensive framework to integrate potentially conflicting priorities and providing an operational toolkit. This article argues that over and above its symbolic and educational value, specific legislation setting out the state’s approach to sustainable development should impose mandatory obligations on policy and decision makers, with meaningful consequences both inside and outside the courtroom. Using examples from Wales, Canada and Scotland, it explores three legislative models to support the implementation of sustainable development that would be suitable in the UK and its devolved administrations, and the legislative provisions necessary for their delivery. This article emphasises the benefits of procedural obligations, both by themselves and in support of more substantive obligations, along with the possibility that certain appropriately worded substantive duties be treated as legal rules that govern decision-making. It explores the benefits and drawbacks of including a definition of ‘sustainable development’ and of referring to specific underlying principles such as the precautionary principle, concluding that these elements may not be necessary or suitable in the UK. The article also contends that sustainable development ought to be the central organising principle of government in the UK, and that even if a weaker and less ambitious formulation is adopted, legislative backing for the production, use and review of sustainability strategies would still improve understanding, provide a framework for decision-making and clarify the use and importance of other implementation devices. sustainable development; strategy; framework; legislation; statute 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 26 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1101/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1101/ text/html Andrea Ross a.p.ross@dundee.ac.uk School of Law, University of Dundee, Scrymegeour Building, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-25:d:82162010-10-15RePEc

article Soil water potential is a soil property affecting a large variety of bio-physical processes, such as seed germination, plant growth and plant nutrition. Gradients in soil water potential are the driving forces of water movement, affecting water infiltration, redistribution, percolation, evaporation and plants’ transpiration. The total soil water potential is given by the sum of gravity, matric, osmotic and hydrostatic potential. The quantification of the soil water potential is necessary for a variety of applications both in agricultural and horticultural systems such as optimization of irrigation volumes and fertilization. In recent decades, a large number of experimental methods have been developed to measure the soil water potential, and a large body of knowledge is now available on theory and applications. In this review, the main techniques used to measure the soil water potential are discussed. Subsequently, some examples are provided where the measurement of soil water potential is utilized for a sustainable use of water resources in agriculture. soil water potential; water use; irrigation; agriculture 5 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1226/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1226/ text/html Marco Bittelli marco.bittelli@unibo.it Department of Agro Environmental Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 44, Bologna, Italy

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-12:d:85282010-10-15RePEc

article Efforts to increase forest cover in the developing world will only succeed if the root causes of deforestation are addressed. Researchers designing reforestation initiatives tend to emphasize macro-level drivers of deforestation, about which they have extensive data and knowledge. On the other hand, local people have contextually based knowledge of forest cover dynamics in their region—about which external researchers may be largely ignorant. This type of perception gap between researchers and community members has led to many failed or insufficiently implemented projects. An emerging tool—group model-building with system dynamics—shows promise in its ability to integrate different perspectives on a complex problem such as forest cover loss. In this study, I use system dynamics modeling methodology to compare causal loop diagrams of forest cover dynamics on Negros Island, Philippines generated by researchers working for the World Wildlife Fund with causal loop diagrams generated by community members in upland Negros. The diagrams were significantly different, with very few variables in common, but both illuminate critical aspects of the deforestation problem on the island. I conclude that reforestation initiatives in the Philippines would benefit from incorporating all relevant information into a single, coherent model. deforestation; development; group model-building; reforestation; Philippines 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1523/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1523/ text/html Laura Schmitt Olabisi schmi420@msu.edu Environmental Science and Policy Program, Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies (CARRS), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-7:d:92872010-10-15RePEc

article Accumulation of atmospheric CO₂ is increasing the temperature and concentration of CO₂ in near-shore marine systems. These changes are occurring concurrently with increasing alterations to local conditions, including nutrient pollution and exploitation of selected biota. While the body of evidence for the negative effects of climate change is rapidly increasing, there is still only limited recognition that it may combine with local stressors to accelerate degradation. By recognizing such synergies, however, it may be possible to actively manage and improve local conditions to ameliorate the effects of climate change in the medium-term (e.g., by reducing nutrient pollution or restoring populations of herbivores). Ultimately, however, the most effective way to increase the sustainability of near-shore marine systems into the future will be to decrease our reliance on carbon-based sources of energy to reduce the negative effects of climate change. ecosystem shift; climate change; carbon dioxide; algae; amelioration 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 7 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2593/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2593/ text/html Laura J. Falkenberg laura.falkenberg@adelaide.edu.au Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, DX650 418, South Australia, 5005, Australia Owen W. Burnell owen.burnell@adelaide.edu.au Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, DX650 418, South Australia, 5005, Australia Sean D. Connell sean.connell@adelaide.edu.au Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, DX650 418, South Australia, 5005, Australia Bayden D. Russell bayden.russell@adelaide.edu.au Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, DX650 418, South Australia, 5005, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-15:d:60942010-10-15RePEc

article Water is today considered to be a vital and limited resource due to industrial development and population growth. Developing appropriate water treatment techniques, to ensure a sustainable management, represents a key point in the worldwide strategies. By removing both organic and inorganic species using techniques based on coupling membrane processes and appropriate complexing agents to bind pollutants are very important alternatives to classical separation processes in water treatment. Supported Liquid Membrane (SLM) and Complexation Ultrafiltration (CP-UF) based processes meet the sustainability criteria because they require low amounts of energy compared to pressure driven membrane processes, low amounts of complexing agents and they allow recovery of water and some pollutants (e.g., metals). A more interesting process, on the application point of view, is the Stagnant Sandwich Liquid Membrane (SSwLM), introduced as SLM implementation. It has been studied in the separation of the drug gemfibrozil (GEM) and of copper(II) as organic and inorganic pollutants in water. Obtained results showed in both cases the higher efficiency of SSwLM with respect to the SLM system configuration. Indeed higher stability (335.5 vs. 23.5 hours for GEM; 182.7 vs. 49.2 for copper(II)) and higher fluxes (0.662 vs. 0.302 mmol·h^-1·m^-2 for GEM; 43.3 vs. 31.0 for copper(II)) were obtained by using the SSwLM. Concerning the CP-UF process, its feasibility was studied in the separation of metals from waters (e.g., from soil washing), giving particular attention to process sustainability such as water and polymer recycle, free metal and water recovery. The selectivity of the CP-UF process was also validated in the separate removal of copper(II) and nickel(II) both contained in synthetic and real aqueous effluents. Thus, complexation reactions involved in the SSwLM and the CP-UF processes play a key role to meet the sustainability criteria. wastewater treatment; Supported Liquid Membrane; Sandwich Liquid Membrane; Complexation-Ultrafiltration; sustainable water management 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/978/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/978/ text/html Raffaele Molinari r.molinari@unical.it Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 44/A, I-87030 Rende (CS), Italy Pietro Argurio argurio@unical.it Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 44/A, I-87030 Rende (CS), Italy Teresa Poerio teresa.poerio@unical.it Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 44/A, I-87030 Rende (CS), Italy

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-25:d:46402010-10-15RePEc

article Methanetrisulfonic acid had been prepared for the first time over 140 years ago, but it was used only scarcely in chemical transformations. In the course of our activities dealing with key-steps of industrial syntheses of vitamins, e.g. economically important vitamin E (acetate), we found that methanetrisulfonic acid is an extremely effective catalyst in a variety of reactions. Examples of its applications are Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements, Friedel-Crafts alkylations and ring closures, as well as acylation reactions. Use of this catalyst in truly catalytic amounts (0.04-1.0 mol%) resulted in highly selective transformations and yields over 95%. (Remark by the authors: We are describing only one example each for the various types of reactions. Therefore, it would be more appropriate to write (here and in the Introduction and in the Conclusion sections): “Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and ring closure, as well as acylation reactions”) Acid catalysis; Brønsted acid; tocopherol; vitamin E; Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement; Friedel-Crafts alkylation; acylation 2 2009 1 4 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/161/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/161/ text/html Werner Bonrath werner.bonrath@dsm.com Research and Development, DSM Nutritional Products, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Fabrice Aquino Research and Development, DSM Nutritional Products, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Alois Haas Research and Development, DSM Nutritional Products, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Simone Hoppmann Research and Development, DSM Nutritional Products, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Thomas Netscher Research and Development, DSM Nutritional Products, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Francesco Pace Research and Development, DSM Nutritional Products, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Horst Pauling Research and Development, DSM Nutritional Products, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-15:d:94452010-10-15RePEc

article As states across the country struggle to increase local development of renewable energy, policymakers are turning to innovative program designs to meet their renewable electricity targets. Massachusetts recently adopted a unique, auction-based price support mechanism for the solar portion of its renewable portfolio standard. During the program development process, the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources (DOER) used system dynamics to simulate potential solar renewable energy certificate market conditions under the proposed regulations. The modeling exercise resulted in several program design changes that will lead to a more stable certificate market. System dynamics can be a useful tool for developing and improving sustainability programs. solar; system dynamics; renewable portfolio standard; renewable energy certificate; auction 9 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2746/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2746/ text/html Hilary Flynn Hilary.Flynn@mc-group.com Meister Consultants Group, 98 North Washington Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1020, Boston, MA 02114, USA Independent Consultant Dwayne Breger Dwayne.Breger@state.ma.us Meister Consultants Group, 98 North Washington Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1020, Boston, MA 02114, USA Independent Consultant Andrew Belden Andy.Belden@mc-group.com Meister Consultants Group, 98 North Washington Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1020, Boston, MA 02114, USA Independent Consultant Asmeret Bier Asmeret.Bier@gmail.com Meister Consultants Group, 98 North Washington Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1020, Boston, MA 02114, USA Independent Consultant Chad Laurent Chad.Laurent@mc-group.com Meister Consultants Group, 98 North Washington Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1020, Boston, MA 02114, USA Independent Consultant Natalie Andrews Natalie.Andrews@state.ma.us Meister Consultants Group, 98 North Washington Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1020, Boston, MA 02114, USA Independent Consultant Wilson Rickerson Wilson.Rickerson@mc-group.com Meister Consultants Group, 98 North Washington Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1020, Boston, MA 02114, USA Independent Consultant

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:1:p:1-15:d:43012010-10-15RePEc

article Most frameworks used in the management of environmental problems focus on problem analysis and pay little or no attention to the explanation of the problem and the opportunities for solving it. The Opportunity and Problem in Context (OPiC) framework aims to be fully balanced in this respect. On a broad theoretical footing, the framework can give structure and interconnection to (i) the analysis and explanation of environmental problems by making use of parallel effect chains and norm chains, the functions and values of the environment, a breakdown of human action through lifecycle principles and explanation through fields of causally related actors, (ii) the identification of opportunities for solutions based on the problem analysis, on system concepts and on creativity enhancement, and (iii) the synthesis of this in the process of design and evaluation of solutions. The OPiC framework has been developed with a special view to developing countries but its applicability is not greatly dependent on scale and context. OPiC; environmental management; framework; DPSIR; environmental problem analysis; environmental problem explanation; actors; policy design; equity 1 2009 1 3 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/19/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/19/ text/html David Tsetse dtsetse@unicef.org United Nations Children’s Fund, Supply Division, Copenhagen, Denmark Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Wouter T. de Groot deGroot@cml.leidenuniv.nl United Nations Children’s Fund, Supply Division, Copenhagen, Denmark Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-85:d:96342010-10-15RePEc

article Socio-economic, climate and agricultural stress on water resources have resulted in increased global demand for water while at the same time the proportion of potential water resources which are adversely affected by sodification/salinisation, metals, nitrates, and organic chemicals has increased. Nano-zero-valent metal (n-ZVM) injection or placement in aquifers offers a potential partial solution. However, n-ZVM application results in a substantial reduction in aquifer permeability, which in turn can reduce the amount of water that can be abstracted from the aquifer. This study using static diffusion and continuous flow reactors containing n-ZVM and m-ZVM (ZVM filaments, filings and punchings) has established that the use of m-ZVM does not result in a reduction in aquifer permeability. The experimental results are used to design and model m-ZVM treatment programs for an aquifer (using recirculation or static diffusion). They also provide a predictive model for water quality associated with specific abstraction rates and infiltration/injection into an aquifer. The study demonstrates that m-ZVM treatment requires 1% of the weight required for n-ZVM treatment for a specific flow rate. It is observed that 1 t Fe⁰ will process 23,500 m³ of abstracted or infiltrating water. m-ZVM is able to remove >80% of nitrates from flowing water and adjust the water composition (by reduction) in an aquifer to optimize removal of nitrates, metals and organic compounds. The experiments demonstrate that ZVM treatment of an aquifer can be used to reduce groundwater salinity by 20 –> 45% and that an aquifer remediation program can be designed to desalinate an aquifer. Modeling indicates that widespread application of m-ZVM water treatment may reduce global socio-economic, climate and agricultural stress on water resources. The rate of oxygen formation during water reduction [by ZVM (Fe⁰, Al⁰ and Cu⁰)] controls aquifer permeability, the associated aquifer <em>pH</em>, aquifer <em>Eh</em> and the degree of water treatment that occurs. redox modeling; nitrate; zero-valent iron (ZVI); groundwater; TCE; DCE; desalinization; permeability 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 85 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2988/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2988/ text/html David D.J. Antia dcacl@btconnect.com DCA Consultants Ltd., Haughend Farm, Bridge of Earn Road, Dunning, Perthshire, PH2 9BX, Scotland, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-11:d:57712010-10-15RePEc

article In the field of higher education, the role of sustainability is increasingly seen as an important capability of successful graduates, one of a group of higher-level dispositions that is particularly important for students’ future professional roles. Discussion of sustainability often assumes that all participants understand the term in the same way, and different understandings can make meaningful dialogue difficult. This article presents an empirical investigation of the ways in which students from a business faculty at a large metropolitan university view sustainability in the specific context of their tertiary education. While some students viewed the notion in quite naïve ways—for example, the idea of ‘keeping themselves going’—others talked about much broader views incorporating ideas of inter-generational justice. Investigation of such views provides important evidence for dialogue on sustainability with the next generation of professional leaders in business. higher education; conceptions; graduate dispositions; professional preparation 3 2009 1 9 Sustainability 1 11 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/662/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/662/ text/html Anna Reid Anna.Reid@mq.edu.au Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia Peter Petocz Peter.Petocz@mq.edu.au Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia Paul Taylor Paul.Taylor@mq.edu.au Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-25:d:88612010-10-15RePEc

article This study reviews the characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ashes, with a main focus on the chemical properties of the ashes. Furthermore, the possible treatment methods for the utilization of ash, namely, separation processes, solidification/stabilization and thermal processes, are also discussed. Seven types of MSWI ash utilization are reviewed, namely, cement and concrete production, road pavement, glasses and ceramics, agriculture, stabilizing agent, adsorbents and zeolite production. The practical use of MSWI ash shows a great contribution to waste minimization as well as resources conservation. municipal solid waste; fly ash; incineration; waste management; waste utilization; hazardous waste 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1943/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1943/ text/html Charles H. K. Lam keking@ust.hk Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Alvin W. M. Ip keiwm@ust.hk Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong John Patrick Barford barford@ust.hk Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Gordon McKay kemckayg@ust.hk Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-13:d:68032010-10-15RePEc

article Economic development and urbanization poses myriad challenges to transportation systems in relation to negative externalities such as traffic congestion and environmental health risks. Accra, the capital of Ghana, faces mounting urban planning problems, for example traffic congestion, air pollution, traffic safety, and land use planning, among others. The paper aims to provide a system dynamics perspective of the problems. Most of the drivers and cause-effect relationships of traffic congestion and its attendant air pollution are investigated and analyzed using causal loop diagrams. The paper further suggests mechanisms by which the negative externalities associated with road transport in the city of Accra can be addressed. traffic congestion; atmospheric pollution; policy; system dynamics; urban planning; Ghana 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/252/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/252/ text/html Frederick A. Armah atoarmah@yahoo.com Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana David O. Yawson oskidoo@yahoo.com Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Alex A. N. M. Pappoe anmpappoe@yahoo.com Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-16:d:84332010-10-15RePEc

article This paper presents results of a study that examined the perceptions and preferences of identified “responsible, sustainable consumers” with respect to functional products. The study is part of a larger research program that looks at material cultures and product design in relation to sustainable production and consumption. Based on empirical data gathered from among citizens attempting to follow sustainable lifestyles, the authors reflect on how the adoption of sustainable consumption patterns can not only be motivated by altruistic and environmental considerations, but also, significantly, by perceived personal benefits, including an expected increase in personal well-being. These motivations, together with how they unfold into preferences for particular product characteristics, are discussed. The paper concludes that the understanding of such motives, along with their implications for the ways in which products and services are conceived and positioned, may warrant further research as it can represent a key incentive for change towards a more sustainable future. sustainable consumption; product preferences; motivations; environment; self-interest; good life 5 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1431/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1431/ text/html Anne Marchand anne.marchand@umontreal.ca School of Industrial Design, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Branch, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada Imagination Lancaster, The Round House, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YD, UK School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK Stuart Walker s.walker@lancaster.ac.uk School of Industrial Design, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Branch, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada Imagination Lancaster, The Round House, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YD, UK School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK Tim Cooper t.h.cooper@ntu.ac.uk School of Industrial Design, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Branch, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada Imagination Lancaster, The Round House, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YD, UK School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-22:d:55072010-10-15RePEc

article The main objective of this paper is to discuss different approaches, identify challenges, and to select a framework for delivering effective sustainability assessments. Sustainable development is an idealistic concept and its assessment has always been a challenge. Several approaches, methodologies and conceptual frameworks have been developed in various disciplines, ranging from engineering to business and to policy making. The paper focuses mainly on various linkage-based frameworks and demonstrates that the driving force-state-exposure-effect-action (DPSEEA) framework can be used to achieve sustained health benefits and environmental protection in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, especially because of its resemblance to the environmental risk assessment and management paradigms. The comparison of linkage-based frameworks is demonstrated through an example of sustainability in a higher educational institution. sustainability; life-cycle analysis; multi-criteria decision-making; indices; linkage-based framework; DPSEEA 3 2009 1 8 Sustainability 1 22 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/441/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/441/ text/html Bushra Waheed bw7840@mun.ca Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X5, Canada Faisal Khan fikhan@mun.ca Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X5, Canada Brian Veitch bveitch@mun.ca Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X5, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-24:d:67072010-10-15RePEc

article Semi-structured interviews with 47 key actors were conducted in Swedish water utilities on why Sustainable Development Indicators (SDIs) are or are not used. Important influencing aspects identified included organizational inertia, social capital, the national water sector and authorities. Divergent views of SD and indicators appear to hinder SDI initiatives. Possible explanations are that: (a) not all actors look at decision-making as the kind of rational process the focus on indicators implies, and (b), Swedish urban water systems are widely regarded as sustainable. The water sector itself and regulation are identified as the strongest potential drivers for increased use of SDIs. sustainable development indicators; urban water systems; decision-making; field studies 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 24 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/92/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/92/ text/html Ulrika Palme ulrika.palme@chalmers.se Department of Energy and Environment: Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-48:d:85852010-10-15RePEc

article We present a comprehensive review of perceptions and methods around the Ecological Footprint (EF), based on a survey of more than 50 international EF stakeholders and a review of more than 150 original papers on EF methods and applications over the last decade. The key points identified in the survey are that the EF (a) is seen as a strong communication tool, (b) has a limited role within a policy context, (c) is limited in scope, (d) should be closer aligned to the UN System of Environmental and Economic Accounting and (e) is most useful as part of a basket of indicators. Key issues from the review of methods are: (a) none of the major methods identified can address all relevant issues and questions at once, (b) basing bioproductivity calculations on Net Primary Production (NPP) is a promising approach, (c) advances in linking bioproductivity with ecosystem services and biodiversity have been made by the Dynamic EF concept and the HANPP indicator, (d) environmentally extended input-output analysis (IOA) provides a number of advantages for improving EF calculations and (e) further variations such as the emergy-based concept or the inclusion of further pollutants are not regarded as providing a fundamental shift to the usefulness of EF for policy making. We also discuss the implications of our findings for the use of the EF as a headline indicator for sustainability decision-making. ecological footprint; perception; methodology; policy relevance 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 48 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1645/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1645/ text/html Thomas Wiedmann tommy@censa.org.uk Centre for Sustainability Accounting, Innovation Centre, Innovation Way, York Science Park, York, YO10 5DG, UK John Barrett Centre for Sustainability Accounting, Innovation Centre, Innovation Way, York Science Park, York, YO10 5DG, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-12:d:85082010-10-15RePEc

article Incisive interpretations of urban-forest sustainability are important in furthering our understanding of how to sustain the myriad values associated with urban forests. Our analysis of earlier interpretations reveals conceptual gaps. These interpretations are attached to restrictive definitions of a sustainable urban forest and limited to a rather mechanical view of maintaining the biophysical structure of trees. The probing of three conceptual domains (urban forest concepts, sustainable development, and sustainable forest management) leads to a broader interpretation of urban-forest sustainability as the process of sustaining urban forest values through time and across space. We propose that values—and not services, benefits, functions or goods—is a superior concept to refer to what is to be sustained in and by an urban forest. sustainability; urban forest; urban-forest sustainability; urban forest management 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1510/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1510/ text/html Camilo Ordóñez camilo.ordonez@dal.ca School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, 6100 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3J5, Canada Peter N. Duinker peter.duinker@dal.ca School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, 6100 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3J5, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-19:d:88172010-10-15RePEc

article Political consumerism was developed during the 19th century and expanded at the turn of the century through social movements aimed at empowering civil society in the market. Many of these movements succeeded in building power on the consumption side. Today, we still witness several forms of political consumerism. This contribution explores the possibilities and limits of consumer involvement in sustainable consumption. The main finding of this study of the political organization of consumers is that the market may not be the only arena for changing consumer behavior. Instead, social constraint and political empowerment seem to be rather more efficient. political consumerism; sustainability; consumption 7 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 19 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1849/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1849/ text/html Sophie Dubuisson-Quellier s.dubuisson@cso.cnrs.fr Centre de sociologie des organisations (CNRS-Sciences Po), 19 rue Amélie, 75007 Paris, France

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-15:d:90562010-10-15RePEc

article Resource depletion remains central to human economic activity with resulting negative consequences for the local and global environment. Material and energy consumption patterns are also increasing globally, as developing countries follow the trail blazed by more industrialized countries. Consumers play a role in shifting towards more sustainable forms of consumption. However, consumer-oriented public-policy measures are often restricted to informational campaigns based on moral and price arguments. A multidisciplinary approach to sustainable consumption must go beyond this limited vision of consumers if transitions toward more environmentally friendly consumption patterns are to be made possible. Both a biophysical and social understanding of consumption is necessary. This paper proposes a systemic approach to consumption studies, combining an assessment of consumption patterns with an understanding of the drivers behind them. The concepts will be illustrated using a case study of the government-led promotion of compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) in Metro Manila, the Philippines. Conclusions will include general policy-recommendations. sustainable consumption; compact fluorescent lamps (CFL); life cycle thinking; rebound effect; the Philippines 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2349/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2349/ text/html Marlyne D. Sahakian marlyne.sahakian@graduateinstitute.ch The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Rue de Rothschild 20, Geneva, 1207, Switzerland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-20:d:91192010-10-15RePEc

article A massive insect outbreak in the public forests of central British Columbia (Canada) poses a serious challenge for sustainable forest management planning. Tree mortality caused by natural disturbances has always been a part of wild and managed forests, but climate change is accentuating the uncertainty around such losses. Policy responses to accelerate overall timber harvesting levels to prevent further tree mortality and to aggressively salvage value from dead wood before it deteriorates can be disruptive and even counter-productive in the long run. Current alternatives are to strategically redirect existing timber harvesting quotas to the most vulnerable areas, minimize overall uplifts in cutting activity, prolong the period over which harvested timber can be processed, avoid the harvesting of mixed species stands or those with good advance regeneration, employ more partial cutting or “selective logging” techniques, and relax standards for acceptable species and inter-tree spacing during post-disturbance stand recovery. At the same time, careful attention to species composition and evolving landscape risk profiles may facilitate adaptation to anticipated climate change and reduce vulnerability to future disturbances. Harvest levels must be set conservatively over the full planning horizon if it is important to assure continuity of the timber supply with few disruptions to regional socio-economics and less stress to ecosystems. Broader lessons in sustainability include the option to emphasize persistence, continuity and flexibility over the long term, though at the expense of maximized production and full resource utilization in the short term. climate change; even flow; forest disturbance; forest policy; insect outbreak; salvage logging; sustainable forest management; timber supply 8 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2403/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2403/ text/html Philip J. Burton pburton@nrcan.gc.ca Canadian Forest Service & University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia V2N 4Z9, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:1:p:1-7:d:43042010-10-15RePEc

article An example for a process that can, in principle, be improved by the application of a catalyst is the synthesis of poly(2-methyl-propene)s (“polyisobutenes”), which are important for numerous industrial applications. Each year several 100,000 t are produced. The production of low-molecular weight polyisobutenes by means of cationic initiation by an excess of Lewis acids is well established. Typically, these initiators require the usage of solvents like chloroform, dichloromethane and ethylene and temperatures far below 0 °C (–100 °C in the case of ethylene as solvent). Solvent stabilized transition metal complexes with weakly coordinating counter anions overcome these drawbacks and thus are not only more efficient, but also more environmentally benign: they can be applied at ambient temperature and in non chlorinated solvents at low concentrations. Solvent ligands; weakly coordinating anions; transition metals; polymerization 1 2009 1 3 Sustainability 1 7 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/35/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/35/ text/html Silvana F. Rach Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center der Technischen Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany Fritz E. Kühn fritz.kuehn@ch.tum.de Molecular Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center der Technischen Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-14:d:69572010-10-15RePEc

article Deconstructing a building is the careful dismantling of that building so as to make possible the recovery of construction materials and components, promoting their reuse and recycling. However, deconstruction remains a rare procedure in Portugal. Using previous studies and data collected from present experiences, this paper presents a critical discussion on the importance of deconstruction for rehabilitation. Its aims are to discuss the main advantages, barriers and opportunities of this demolition technique, as well as the guidelines to the design process, aiming at assuring a successful management deconstruction process. Suggestions to impel this technique in Portugal are also described. deconstruction; rehabilitation; waste management; reuse; construction sites 2 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/428/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/428/ text/html João Couto jpc@civil.uminho.pt Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal Armanda Couto amcouto@sapo.pt Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-21:d:85632010-10-15RePEc

article In the last decades, substantial changes have occurred regarding what scientists consider the limits of habitable environmental conditions. For every extreme environmental condition investigated, a variety of microorganisms have shown that not only can they tolerate these conditions, but that they also often require these extreme conditions for survival. Microbes can return to life even after hundreds of millions of years. Furthermore, a variety of studies demonstrate that microorganisms can survive under extreme conditions, such as ultracentrifugation, hypervelocity, shock pressure, high temperature variations, vacuums, and different ultraviolet and ionizing radiation intensities, which simulate the conditions that microbes could experience during the ejection from one planet, the journey through space, as well as the impact in another planet. With these discoveries, our knowledge about the biosphere has grown and the putative boundaries of life have expanded. The present work examines the recent discoveries and the principal advances concerning the resistance of microorganisms to extreme environmental conditions, and analyzes its contributions to the development of the main themes of astrobiology: the origins of life, the search for extraterrestrial life, and the dispersion of life in the Universe. astrobiology; extremophiles; origins of life; Mars; Europa; panspermia 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 21 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1602/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1602/ text/html Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto pabulo@lacesm.ufsm.br 1-Exobiology and Biosphere Laboratory, Southern Regional Space Research Center, National Institute for Space Research, P.O. Box 5021, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil 2-Department of Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, P.O. Box 5096, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-20:d:95572010-10-15RePEc

article As an EU policy agenda, the “knowledge-based bio-economy” (KBBE) emphasizes bio-technoscience as the means to reconcile environmental and economic sustainability. This frames the sustainability problem as an inefficiency to be overcome through a techno-knowledge fix. Here ecological sustainability means a benign eco-efficient productivity using resources which are renewable, reproducible and therefore sustainable. The KBBE narrative has been elaborated by European Technology Platforms in the agri-food-forestry-biofuels sectors, whose proposals shape research priorities. These inform policy agendas for the neoliberalization of both nature and knowledge, especially through intellectual property. In these ways, the KBBE can be understood as a new political-economic strategy for <em>sustainable capital</em>. This strategy invests great expectations for unlocking the productive potential of natural resources through a techno-knowledge fix. Although eco-efficiency is sometimes equated with biological productivity, commercial success will be dependent upon new combinations of “living” and “dead” labour. knowledge-based bio-economy; European Technology Platforms; innovation narratives; techno-knowledge fix; neoliberal nature; <em>sustainable capital</em> 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 20 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2898/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2898/ text/html Kean Birch kean.birch@strath.ac.uk School of Applied Social Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 50 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK Development Policy and Practice, Open University, Chambers Building, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK Les Levidow l.levidow@open.ac.uk School of Applied Social Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 50 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK Development Policy and Practice, Open University, Chambers Building, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK Theo Papaioannou t.papaioannou@open.ac.uk School of Applied Social Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 50 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK Development Policy and Practice, Open University, Chambers Building, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-19:d:84892010-10-15RePEc

article A methodology for assessing the sustainability of hydrogen production using solid fuels is introduced, in which three sustainability dimensions (ecological, sociological and technological) are considered along with ten indicators for each dimension. Values for each indicator are assigned on a 10-point scale based on a high of 1 and a low of 0, depending on the characteristic of the criteria associated with each element or process, utilizing data reported in the literature. An illustrative example is presented to compare two solid fuels for hydrogen production: coal and biomass. The results suggest that qualitative sustainability indicators can be reasonably defined based on evaluations of system feasibility, and that adequate flexibility and comprehensiveness is provided through the use of ten indicators for each of the dimensions for every process or element involved in hydrogen production using solid fuels. Also, the assessment index values suggest that biomasses have better sustainability than coals, and that it may be advantageous to use coals in combination with biomass to increase their ecological and social sustainability. The sustainability assessment methodology can be made increasingly quantitative, and is likely extendable to other energy systems, but additional research and development is needed to lead to a more fully developed approach. sustainability; solid fuels; coal; biomass; hydrogen energy; hydrogen production 6 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 19 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1472/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1472/ text/html Nirmal V. Gnanapragasam nirmal.vijay@gmail.com Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada Bale V. Reddy bale.reddy@uoit.ca Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada Marc A. Rosen marc.rosen@uoit.ca Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-17:d:92082010-10-15RePEc

article The need for global comparability has led to the recent standardization of ecological footprint methods. The use of global averages and necessary methodological assumptions has questioned the ability of the ecological footprint to represent local or national specific concerns. This paper attempts to incorporate greater national relevancy by expanding the sequestration estimate used to calculate the annual carbon footprint of domestic Irish energy use. This includes expanding existing study boundaries to include additional carbon pools such as the litter, dead and soil pools. This generated an overall estimate of 4.38 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year (t C/ha/yr), resulting in an ecological footprint estimate of 0.49 hectares per capita (ha/cap) The method employed in this paper also incorporated the potential role of grassland as a carbon sink. The caveat that the resultant value is dependent on the choice of study boundary is discussed. Including the lateral movement of carbon embodied in farm products (effectively placing the boundary around the farm gate) reduces the estimate of grassland carbon sequestration by approximately 44% to 1.82 t C/ha/yr. When a footprint calculated using an overall sequestration estimate (based on the distribution of Irish grassland and forestry) is translated into global hectares (gha), the standardized value is reduced by 35%. sequestration; carbon footprint; forest; grassland 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2555/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2555/ text/html Conor Walsh Conor.walsh@Manchester.co.uk Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK Chemical and Environmental Science Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland Richard Moles richard.moles@ul.ie Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK Chemical and Environmental Science Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland Bernadette O’Regan Bernadette.Oregan@ul.ie Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK Chemical and Environmental Science Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-12:d:96842010-10-15RePEc

article Worldwide the search is on for sustainable solutions to the competing needs for forest conservation and agricultural development. A strategy with contemporary salience arises in intensive, sedentarized agriculture that can protect forests and enhance livelihoods for forest dwellers. This paper investigates why intensive agriculture does not limit deforestation in southeastern Mexico’s Calakmul Municipality. It argues that agriculture faces challenges from a range of biophysical and socioeconomic factors in tropical regions and that this encourages expanded land use for intensive farmers. sustainable agriculture; Mexico; tropical forests 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/3129/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/3129/ text/html Eric Keys ekeys@ufl.edu Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-18:d:83582010-10-15RePEc

article The paper illustrates some aspects of energy conversion processes during underground electric train operation. Energy conversion processes are explained using exergy, in order to support transport system sustainability. Loss of exergy reflects a loss of potential of energy to do work. Following the notion that life in Nature demonstrates sustainable energy conversion, we approach the sustainability of urban transportation systems according to the model of an ecosystem. The presentation steps based on an industrial ecosystem metabolism include describing the urban electric railway system as an industrial ecosystem with its limits and components, defining system operation regimes, and assessing the equilibrium points of the system for two reference frames. For an electric train, exergy losses can be related to the energy flows during dynamic processes, and exergy conversion in these processes provides a meaningful measure of the industrial (<em>i.e.</em>, transportation) ecosystem efficiency. As a validation of the theoretical results, a case study is analyzed for three underground urban electric train types REU-U, REU-M, REU-G operating in the Bucharest Underground Railway System (METROREX). The main experimental results are presented and processed, and relevant diagrams are constructed. It is determined that there is great potential for improving the performance of rail systems and increasing their sustainability. For instance, power converters and efficient anti-skid systems can ensure optimum traction and minimum electricity use, and the recovered energy in electric braking can be used by other underground trains, increasing exergy efficiency, although caution must be exercised when doing so to avoid reducing the efficiency of the overall system. urban electric transportation; sustainability; electric train; energy conversion; exergy; induction motor; industrial ecology 5 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1389/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1389/ text/html Doru A. Nicola dnicola@em.ucv.ro Faculty of Electromechanical and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, Romania Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada Electrical Vehicles Department, ROMDATA AQ, Craiova, Romania Marc A. Rosen marc.rosen@uoit.ca Faculty of Electromechanical and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, Romania Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada Electrical Vehicles Department, ROMDATA AQ, Craiova, Romania Cornelia A. Bulucea abulucea@gmail.com Faculty of Electromechanical and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, Romania Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada Electrical Vehicles Department, ROMDATA AQ, Craiova, Romania Constantin Brandusa rinstalctin@yahoo.com Faculty of Electromechanical and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, Romania Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada Electrical Vehicles Department, ROMDATA AQ, Craiova, Romania

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-14:d:88492010-10-15RePEc

article Remote areas are difficult to access, tend to lack critical infrastructure, are highly susceptible to shocks in the marketplace, and are perceived by industry to possess limited development opportunities. Accordingly a community orientated and territorial approach to development planning in a remote area will be more successful than a top down industry based approach [1]. Given the limitations of being remote, the case study community examined in this research manages and sustains a bird watching tourism product within a global market place. This paper examines how a remotely located community in the Arfak Mountains of West Papua overcomes these difficulties and plans for community based tourism (CBT) in their locale. community based tourism; remote; planning; tourism; West Papua; bird watching 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1909/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1909/ text/html Sharon Harwood harwood@squirrel.com.au Coffey Environments, Level 1 2-3 Greenhill Rd, Wayville, South Australia 5034, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-13:d:64622010-10-15RePEc

article The zinc acetato and triflato complexes of 2,2’-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline were prepared and completely characterised. The whole series (including the already described dichlorido complexes and the ligands themselves) were screened for their catalytic activity in the solvent free ring-opening polymerisation of D,L-lactide. The acetato and triflato complexes were found to be active initiators and polylactides could be obtained in almost quantitative yields or with high molecular weights, up to 145,000 g/mol. biopolymers; zinc; ring-opening polymerisation; lactide; sustainable chemistry; N-donor ligands 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1226/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1226/ text/html Janna Börner janna.boerner@uni-paderborn.de Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom Department Chemie, Technische Universit¨at Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Ulrich Flörke ulrich.floerke@uni-paderborn.de Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom Department Chemie, Technische Universit¨at Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Artjom Döring artjom.doering@uni-paderborn.de Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom Department Chemie, Technische Universit¨at Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Dirk Kuckling dirk.kuckling@uni-paderborn.de Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom Department Chemie, Technische Universit¨at Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Matthew D. Jones mj205@bath.ac.uk Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom Department Chemie, Technische Universit¨at Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Sonja Herres-Pawlis sonja.herres-pawlis@tu-dortmund.de Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA27AY, United Kingdom Department Chemie, Technische Universit¨at Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-21:d:81762010-10-15RePEc

article A comparative analysis of the experimental results of the properties of fresh and hardened concrete with different replacement ratios of natural with recycled coarse aggregate is presented in the paper. Recycled aggregate was made by crushing the waste concrete of laboratory test cubes and precast concrete columns. Three types of concrete mixtures were tested: concrete made entirely with natural aggregate (NAC) as a control concrete and two types of concrete made with natural fine and recycled coarse aggregate (50% and 100% replacement of coarse recycled aggregate). Ninety-nine specimens were made for the testing of the basic properties of hardened concrete. Load testing of reinforced concrete beams made of the investigated concrete types is also presented in the paper. Regardless of the replacement ratio, recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) had a satisfactory performance, which did not differ significantly from the performance of control concrete in this experimental research. However, for this to be fulfilled, it is necessary to use quality recycled concrete coarse aggregate and to follow the specific rules for design and production of this new concrete type. recycled aggregate; recycled aggregate concrete; mechanical properties; load test; structural concrete 5 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 21 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1204/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1204/ text/html Mirjana Malešev miram@uns.ac.rs Department for Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bul. kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Vlastimir Radonjanin radonv@uns.ac.rs Department for Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bul. kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Snežana Marinković sneska@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs Department for Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bul. kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-15:d:56842010-10-15RePEc

article Various assessment tools are available to assist designers, developers and regulatory bodies to reduce the negative impacts of contemporary multi-housing subdivision projects in industrialized countries. These tools vary considerably in what and how they measure and how the measurement results are presented and interpreted. This paper is largely a desktop study of subdivision assessment tools developed in Australasia, Great Britain and the United States of America. The paper identified a variety of themes and sub-themes that support assessment tools at both the project design phase and the project operational phase. These themes and sub-themes revolve around one or more of the three pillars of sustainability—namely the environmental, economical and social pillars. The paper firstly compares the themes and sub-themes of the assessment tools and then relates those themes to a set of sustainability targets produced for a proposed inner suburban housing subdivision in Perth, Western Australia. measurement tools; urban sustainability; housing sustainability 3 2009 1 9 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/612/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/612/ text/html Elizabeth Karol e.karol@curtin.edu.au Curtin University of Technology, Faculty of Built Environment, Department of Architecture/ Interior Architecture, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia Curtin University of Technology, Faculty of Built Environment, Department of Planning, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia Julie Brunner j.brunner@curtin.edu.au Curtin University of Technology, Faculty of Built Environment, Department of Architecture/ Interior Architecture, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia Curtin University of Technology, Faculty of Built Environment, Department of Planning, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:3:p:1-20:d:96252010-10-15RePEc

article Human social networks reshape continuously, as individuals forge new contacts while abandoning existing ones. Simultaneously, individuals adapt their behavior, leading to an intricate interplay been network evolution and behavior evolution. Here, we review a framework, called Active Linking, which allows an analytical treatment of such a co-evolutionary dynamics. Using this framework we showed that an increase in the number of ways of responding to adverse interactions leads an overall increase of cooperation, which is here extended to all two-player social dilemmas. In addition, we discuss the role of the selection pressure in these results. social dilemmas; cooperation; evolutionary game theory; dynamical networks; coevolution; selection pressure 3 2010 1 9 Games 1 20 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/317/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/317/ text/html Sven Van Segbroeck COMO, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium MLG, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe–CP 212, 1050 Brussels, Belgium CENTRIA, Departamento de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal ATP-group, CMAF, Complexo Interdisciplinar, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 21649-003 Lisboa, Portugal Departamento de Matemática e Aplicações, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal GADGET, Apartado 1329, 1009-001, Lisboa, Portugal Francisco C. Santos COMO, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium MLG, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe–CP 212, 1050 Brussels, Belgium CENTRIA, Departamento de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal ATP-group, CMAF, Complexo Interdisciplinar, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 21649-003 Lisboa, Portugal Departamento de Matemática e Aplicações, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal GADGET, Apartado 1329, 1009-001, Lisboa, Portugal Jorge M. Pacheco COMO, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium MLG, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe–CP 212, 1050 Brussels, Belgium CENTRIA, Departamento de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal ATP-group, CMAF, Complexo Interdisciplinar, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 21649-003 Lisboa, Portugal Departamento de Matemática e Aplicações, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal GADGET, Apartado 1329, 1009-001, Lisboa, Portugal Tom Lenaerts tlenaert@ulb.ac.be COMO, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium MLG, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe–CP 212, 1050 Brussels, Belgium CENTRIA, Departamento de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal ATP-group, CMAF, Complexo Interdisciplinar, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 21649-003 Lisboa, Portugal Departamento de Matemática e Aplicações, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal GADGET, Apartado 1329, 1009-001, Lisboa, Portugal

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-17:d:60952010-10-15RePEc

article This paper investigates, using the GIS platform, the potential impacts of meeting national bioenergy targets using only indigenous sources of feedstock on the habitats and carbon stores that exist within Ireland’s field boundaries. A survey of the Republic of Irelands field was conducted in order to estimate and map the size and geographic distribution of the Republic of Ireland’s field boundaries. The planting and harvesting costs associated with possible bioenergy crop production systems were determined using the relationship between the seasonal operating efficiency and the average field size. The results indicate that Ireland will need a large proportion of its current agricultural area (at least 16.5%) in order to its meet national bioenergy targets by 2020. The demand cannot be met by the current area that both has suitable soil type for growing the bioenergy crops and is large enough for the required operating efficiency. The results of this study indicate that implementing and meeting national bioenergy targets using only indigenous feedstock will likely impact the country’s field boundary resources negatively, as crop producers seek to improve production efficiency through field consolidation and field boundary removal. It was found that such boundary removal results in a loss of up to 6 tC/km² and 0.7 ha/km of previously permanent habitat where average field size is small. The impact of field consolidation on these resources reduces substantially as larger fields become consolidated. bioenergy; carbon; habitats; economics 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/994/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/994/ text/html Rory Deverell Rory.Deverell@ucd.ie Department of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Building, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Kevin McDonnell kevin.mcdonnell@ucd.ie Department of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Building, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Ger Devlin Ger.devlin@ucd.ie Department of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Building, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-12:d:68742010-10-15RePEc

article Human urine and faeces are products formed every day in every human society. The volume and fertilisation value of urine is higher than that of faeces. This paper reviews data that urine has been used successfully as a fertiliser for cereals and some vegetables. According to the literature, urine fertilised plants may have produced higher, similar or slightly lower yields than mineral fertilized plants but they invariably resulted in higher yields than non-fertilised plants. There have been no microbiological risks associated with any products. The taste and chemical quality of the products are similar to plants treated with mineral fertilisers. Separating toilets, where urine and faeces are separated already in the toilet, could be beneficial not only in poor but also in the industrialized countries. A separating toilet could be installed also in old buildings and it could allow individuals to live in coastal areas, mountainous or other sensitive environments. In poor areas, urine fertilisation could increase food production also in home plots and reduce hunger. It could also combat water contamination and help to reduce diseases caused by enteric micro-organisms. If urine were to be viewed as a resource rather than a waste product, more families could be encouraged to install low-cost toilets which would especially improve the wellbeing of women. environmental health; enteric micro-organisms; fertilizer; natural resources; nitrogen; vegetables 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/341/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/341/ text/html Helvi Heinonen-Tanski helvi.heinonentanski@uef.fi Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland Surendra K. Pradhan surendra.pradhan@uef.fi Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland Päivi Karinen paivi.karinen@polvijarvi.fi Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-8:d:51362010-10-15RePEc

article The aim of this study was to evaluate microbial activity in soils under conventional and organic agricultural system management regimes. Soil samples were collected from plots under conventional management (CNV), organic management (ORG) and native vegetation (AVN). Soil microbial activity and biomass was significantly greater in ORG compared with CNV. Soil bulk density decreased three years after adoption of organic system. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was higher in the ORG than in the CNV. The soil under organic agricultural system presents higher microbial activity and biomass and lower bulk density than the conventional agricultural system. microbial activity; microbial biomass; soil organic matter; bulk density 2 2009 1 6 Sustainability 1 8 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/268/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/268/ text/html Ademir S.F. Araújo asfaruaj@yahoo.com.br Laboratório de Qualidade do Solo, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Teresina, PI, 64000-000, Brazil Embrapa Meio Norte, Av. Duque de Caxias, SN, Teresina, PI, 64000-000, Brazil Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Av. Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-220, Brazil Luiz F.C. Leite luizf@cpamn.embrapa.br Laboratório de Qualidade do Solo, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Teresina, PI, 64000-000, Brazil Embrapa Meio Norte, Av. Duque de Caxias, SN, Teresina, PI, 64000-000, Brazil Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Av. Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-220, Brazil Valdinar B. Santos santosvb@bol.com.br Laboratório de Qualidade do Solo, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Teresina, PI, 64000-000, Brazil Embrapa Meio Norte, Av. Duque de Caxias, SN, Teresina, PI, 64000-000, Brazil Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Av. Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-220, Brazil Romero F.V. Carneiro romero@ufpi.br Laboratório de Qualidade do Solo, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Teresina, PI, 64000-000, Brazil Embrapa Meio Norte, Av. Duque de Caxias, SN, Teresina, PI, 64000-000, Brazil Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Av. Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Parnaíba, PI, 64202-220, Brazil

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-3:d:93162010-10-15RePEc

article Unreferenced statement on page 608: “A fundamental difference between FSC and PEFC is the stakeholders. While FSC was founded mainly by environmental groups, PEFC had strong forest industry and trade groups among its founders. This is one reason FSC is not a member of PEFC. Both the ATFS and SFI are recognized by PEFC as acceptable standards”. n/a 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 3 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2617/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2617/ text/html Ben Gunneberg b.gunneberg@pefc.org PEFC International, 10 Route de l’Aéroport, CP 636, 1215 Genève, Switzerland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-16:d:67622010-10-15RePEc

article Community level action towards sustainable development has emerged as a key scale of intervention in the effort to address our many serious environmental issues. This is hindered by the large-scale destruction of both urban neighbourhoods and rural villages in the second half of the twentieth century. Communities, whether they are small or large, hubs of experimentation or loci of traditional techniques and methods, can be said to have a level of community vitality that acts as a site of resilience, adaptation and innovation in the face of environmental challenges. This paper outlines how community vitality acts as a cornerstone of sustainable development and suggests some courses for future research. A meta-case analysis of thirty-five Canadian communities reveals the characteristics of community vitality emerging from sustainable development experiments and its relationship to resilience, applied specifically to community development. sustainable development; community vitality; resilience; innovation; adaptation; case study research 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/215/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/215/ text/html Ann Dale Ann.Dale@RoyalRoads.ca School of Environment and Sustainability, Royal Roads University, 2005 Sooke Road, Victoria, BC, V9B 5Y2, Canada Chris Ling chris.ling@royalroads.ca School of Environment and Sustainability, Royal Roads University, 2005 Sooke Road, Victoria, BC, V9B 5Y2, Canada Lenore Newman lenore.newman@royalroads.ca School of Environment and Sustainability, Royal Roads University, 2005 Sooke Road, Victoria, BC, V9B 5Y2, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-12:d:78552010-10-15RePEc

article The concept of recovering minerals from seawater has been proposed as a way of counteracting the gradual depletion of conventional mineral ores. Seawater contains large amounts of dissolved ions and the four most concentrated metal ones (Na, Mg, Ca, K) are being commercially extracted today. However, all the other metal ions exist at much lower concentrations. This paper reports an estimate of the feasibility of the extraction of these metal ions on the basis of the energy needed. In most cases, the result is that extraction in amounts comparable to the present production from land mines would be impossible because of the very large amount of energy needed. This conclusion holds also for uranium as fuel for the present generation of nuclear fission plants. Nevertheless, in a few cases, mainly lithium, extraction from seawater could provide amounts of metals sufficient for closing the cycle of metal use in the economy, provided that an increased level of recycling can be attained. mineral extraction; uranium supply; lithium supply; copper supply; nuclear fission; nuclear fusion 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/980/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/980/ text/html Ugo Bardi ugo.bardi@unifi.it Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Polo scientifico di Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-17:d:87632010-10-15RePEc

article Indonesia faces serious energy problems; its status as an oil exporter has changed to that of a net oil importer. Additionally, a highly subsidized price of fossil fuels, combined with a high dependency on oil, burden Indonesia’s national budget. In 2006, the government enacted a Mix Energy Policy, which strives for a mixture of energy sources by introducing renewable energy into the existing energy systems. Among the several alternative renewable energy options, biofuel is perceived as having the most potential in Indonesia, due to favorable climate and the availability of land and technology. This paper assesses the impact of the introduction of biofuel in the transportation sector of Indonesia in terms of energy, economics and the environment. A linear programming model was built to simulate the impact of the introduction of biofuel. The author concludes that the introduction of biofuel may have a positive impact by partially replacing the oil used for domestic transportation, generating income due to export of excess production, creating jobs in several sectors, and reducing carbon emissions in a sustainable way. In the model, four scenarios are tested: under the scenario ‘land and technology’, with proper land allocation and technology development, biofuel production can reach 2,810 PJ/annum and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 168 million tons/annum CO₂-equivalent. Furthermore, a profit of 49 billion USD can be generated in 2025 (all maximum values). biofuel; energy systems modeling; sustainable production; transportation sector 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1831/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1831/ text/html Joni Jupesta joni.jupesta@most.tohoku.ac.jp Department of Management Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba yama 6-6-11-808, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-9:d:80772010-10-15RePEc

article Green developments are becoming a popular land use planning concept that attempts to accommodate growth while minimizing impacts on natural resources. Various policies encourage conservation designs that usually translate into the clustering of homes and the conservation of some percentage of open space. However, the success of a design is determined by what happens during the construction and post-construction phases of a subdivision project. These two phases are often ignored in land use planning and given only minimal attention by built environment professionals. As a result, green developments may not be functioning as originally intended. This essay discusses the importance of construction and post-construction and a way forward to create functional, sustainable communities. Construction activities and decisions, such as impacts from earthwork machines, improper protection of conserved open spaces and trees, the choice of plants used for yards and common areas, and the storage of construction material all can lead to severe impacts on natural areas both within and surrounding a development site. During post-construction, a variety of improper management practices by homeowners can compromise the sustainability of a development. Developers and associated environmental consultant teams could implement approaches that would engage contractors and residents, such as environmental construction covenants and the installment of a neighborhood, environmental education program. To increase the adoption of relevant construction and post-construction practices, appropriate policies need to be created. However, the shift will only occur once the planning and built environment community acknowledges that design is only the first step towards sustainability. Academic design studios and continuing education courses can help with this culture shift by including construction and post-construction considerations within their curriculum. green infrastructure; smart growth; conservation subdivision; land use sustainability; green developments 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 9 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1128/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1128/ text/html Mark Hostetler hostetm@ufl.edu University of Florida, P.O. Box 110430, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-17:d:62212010-10-15RePEc

article Current Building Sustainability Rating Tools (BSRTs) are concerned mainly with the technical features of new designs. The author argues for the inclusion of user performance criteria in BSRTs for buildings in operation. The case is based on insights gained from surveys of users of sustainable buildings worldwide, and a review of the pioneering NABERS protocol. The paper advocates the establishment of a set of user performance criteria for existing buildings, as a key ingredient in making progress towards a truly sustainable building stock as buildings that perform poorly from the users‘ point of view are unlikely to ever be sustainable. building users; sustainability rating tools; existing buildings; user surveys 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1069/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1069/ text/html George Baird George.Baird@vuw.ac.nz School of Architecture, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-7:d:85692010-10-15RePEc

article The connection between astrobiology and green chemistry represents a new approach to sustainability of organic matter on asteroids or similar bodies. Green chemistry is chemistry which is environmentally friendly. One obvious way for chemistry to be green is to use water as a solvent, instead of more toxic organic solvents. Many astrobiological reactions occur in the aqueous medium, for example in the prebiotic soup or during the aqueous alteration period on asteroids. Thus any advances in the green organic reactions in water are directly applicable to astrobiology. Another green chemistry approach is to abolish use of toxic solvents. This can be accomplished by carrying out the reactions without a solvent in the solventless or solid-state reactions. The advances in these green reactions are directly applicable to the chemistry on asteroids during the periods when water was not available. Many reactions on asteroids may have been done in the solid mixtures. These reactions may be responsible for a myriad of organic compounds that have been isolated from the meteorites. green chemistry; astrobiology; solventless reactions; solid-state reactions; Diels-Alder reactions in water; asteroids; meteorites 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 7 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1624/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1624/ text/html Vera M. Kolb kolb@uwp.edu Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141–2000, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-30:d:95762010-10-15RePEc

article This paper discusses land-sourced pollution with an emphasis on domestic sewage in the Caribbean in relation to similar issues in the Indian Ocean and Pacific. Starting on a large-scale in the 1980s, tropical Atlantic coastlines of Florida and Caribbean islands were over-developed to the point that traditional sewage treatment and disposal were inadequate to protect fragile coral reefs from eutrophication by land-sourced nutrient pollution. This pollution caused both ecological and public health problems. Coral reefs were smothered by macro-algae and died, becoming rapidly transformed into weedy algal lawns, which resulted in beach erosion, and loss of habitat that added to fisheries collapse previously caused by over-fishing. Barbados was one of the first countries to recognize this problem and to begin implementation of effective solutions. Eastern Africa, the Indian Ocean Islands, Pacific Islands, and South East Asia, are now starting to develop their coastlines for ecotourism, like the Caribbean was in the 1970s. Tourism is an important and increasing component of the economies of most tropical coastal areas. There are important lessons to be learned from this Caribbean experience for coastal zone planners, developers, engineers, coastal communities and decision makers in other parts of the world to assure that history does not repeat itself. Coral reef die-off from land-sourced pollution has been eclipsed as an issue since the ocean warming events of 1998, linked to global warming. Addressing ocean warming will take considerable international cooperation, but much of the land-sourced pollution issue, especially sewage, can be dealt with on a watershed by watershed basis by Indian Ocean and Pacific countries. Failure to solve this critical issue can adversely impact both coral reef and public health with dire economic consequences, and will prevent coral reef recovery from extreme high temperature events. Sewage treatment, disposal options, and nutrient standards are recommended that can serve as a reference point but must be fine-tuned to local ecology. coral reefs; sewage; nutrients; land-sourced pollution 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 30 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2919/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2919/ text/html Andre DeGeorges andredeg@verizon.net Global Coral Reef Alliance, 37 Pleasant Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa Thomas J. Goreau goreau@bestweb.net Global Coral Reef Alliance, 37 Pleasant Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa Brian Reilly reillybk@tut.ac.za Global Coral Reef Alliance, 37 Pleasant Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-3:d:51872010-10-15RePEc

article Although on the publisher’s website for this book [1], chapter numbers are given, in the copy of the book I received there are no chapter numbers in the Table of Contents, even though in the main text, cross references are made and the chapter numbers are mentioned. This book is divided into the following sections: [...] n/a 2 2009 1 6 Sustainability 1 3 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/298/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/298/ text/html Shu-Kun Lin lin@mdpi.org Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI), Matthaeusstrasse 11, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-18:d:65772010-10-15RePEc

article This paper provides a critical review of sustainability, including its definitions, dimensions, measurements, and practices, as well as approaches to achieve sustainability. It raises questions about conventional definitions and argues for taking into account the geographic dimension of sustainability for better understanding of the regional differences in sustainability and transition to sustainability. The paper proposes that sustainability should be defined as "living within one’s own ecological means." This definition pays attention to regional disparities in biocapacity and ecological footprint. It realizes that not all people’s present and future needs may be met in all regions of the world. sustainability definition; sustainability transition; sustainability science; ecological footprint; Environmental Kuznets Curve; geography; weak sustainability; strong sustainability 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1412/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1412/ text/html Lee Liu laliu@ucmo.edu Department of Geography and Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Central Missouri, Wood 8, Warrensburg, MO 64093, USA

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article The ecological footprint (EF) commonly neglects the influence of other stressors than land use and CO₂ emissions on the land area required for human activities. This study analyzes the relevancy of including nutrients and non-CO₂ greenhouse gases in the EF assessment of products. The analysis was based on environmental information for 1,925 goods and services. Our findings suggest that within specific product categories, <i>i.e.</i>, waste treatment processes, bio-based energy, agricultural products and chemicals, adding non-CO₂ greenhouse gases and nutrient emissions can have a dominant influence on the EF results. ecological footprint; non-CO₂ greenhouse gases; nutrient emissions; products 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/963/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/963/ text/html Marlia M. Hanafiah M.Hanafiah@science.ru.nl Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Environmental Science, School of Environmental & Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Mark A.J. Huijbregts M.Huijbregts@science.ru.nl Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Environmental Science, School of Environmental & Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia A. Jan Hendriks A.J.Hendriks@science.ru.nl Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Environmental Science, School of Environmental & Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

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article In the building and construction sector, most efforts related to sustainable development have concentrated on the environmental performance of the operation of buildings and infrastructure. However, several studies have called for the need to mitigate the considerable environmental impacts, especially air pollutant emissions and energy consumption, generated by construction processes. To provide a point of reference for initiating the development of environmentally sustainable construction processes, this article identifies energy consumption and air emissions resulting from construction activities and examines previous approaches utilized to assess such environmental impact. This research also identifies the opportunities and challenges to mitigate such environmental impact from construction processes, based on the investigation of current technology policies, regulations, incentives, and guidelines. sustainable construction; environmental management; construction processes 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/354/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/354/ text/html Changbum Ahn ahn31@illinois.edu Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA The Hole School of Construction Engineering, 3-023 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, 510 S.W. Mudd Bldg, 500 W. 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA SangHyun Lee sanghyun@ualberta.ca Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA The Hole School of Construction Engineering, 3-023 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, 510 S.W. Mudd Bldg, 500 W. 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA Feniosky Peña-Mora feniosky@columbia.edu Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA The Hole School of Construction Engineering, 3-023 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, 510 S.W. Mudd Bldg, 500 W. 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA Simaan Abourizk sanghyun@ualberta.ca Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA The Hole School of Construction Engineering, 3-023 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, 510 S.W. Mudd Bldg, 500 W. 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-17:d:67402010-10-15RePEc

article Asian countries are facing major air pollution problems due to rapid economic growth, urbanization and motorization. Mortality and respiratory diseases caused by air pollution are believed to be endemic in major cities of these countries. Regulations and standards are the first requirement for reducing emissions from both fixed and mobile sources. This paper emphasizes monitoring problems such as vehicle registration systems, inspection and maintenance (I/M) systems and fuel quality monitoring systems for vehicles in use. Monitoring problems in developing countries share similar characteristics such as a weakness in government initiatives and inadequate operation of government agencies, which results from a lack of human resources and availability of adequate facilities. Finally, this paper proposes a method to assure air quality improvements under the different shares of emission regulations in these Asian countries and introduces an example of an evaluation method based on a policy survey to improve air quality. Asia; air pollution; environment and development; transportation; regulatory policies 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/145/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/145/ text/html Keiko Hirota khirota@jari.or.jp Japan Automobile Research Institute, 2530, Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0822, Japan

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article Sustainable environmental management requires a decision support approach that accounts for dynamic connections between social and ecological systems, integrates stakeholder deliberation with scientific analysis, incorporates diverse stakeholder knowledge, and fosters relationships among stakeholders that can accommodate changing information and changing social and environmental conditions. Participatory system dynamics modeling provides such a framework. It supports stakeholder learning about the system and the perspectives of other stakeholders, and can help build social capital among stakeholders. Four cases of participatory system dynamics modeling, which range from no to full participant involvement in model development, support the idea that greater social capital development results from greater participation in model development, but also suggest that even the simplest use of simulation models in a group fosters stakeholder learning about the system through surprise and discovery. To maximize the learning value of simulation models, it is important to allow enough time for debriefing the “aha!” moments that lead to curiosity about system behavior. To maximize social capital development, it is important to build enough time into the problem structuring and model conceptualization phases for stakeholders to articulate their mental models and examine those of other participants. system dynamics; participatory modeling; group model building 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 22 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2762/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2762/ text/html Krystyna Stave krystyna.stave@unlv.edu School of Environmental and Public Affairs, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4030, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-18:d:96592010-10-15RePEc

article In 2001, the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge was established based on the principles of conservation and sustainability. The refuge has grown from 49.1 ha in 2001 to over 2,300 ha in 2010. Agreement on a compelling vision for a sustainable future was necessary to rally stakeholders and move them forward together. Project examples include: lake sturgeon and common tern restoration; soft shoreline engineering; ecotourism; sustainable redevelopment of a brownfield; and indicator reporting. Key success factors include: a consensus long-term vision; a multi-stakeholder process that achieves cooperative learning; strong coupling of monitoring/research programs with management; implementing actions consistent with adaptive management; measuring and celebrating successes; quantifying benefits; building capacity; and developing the next generation of sustainability practitioners and entrepreneurs. sustainable development; adaptive management; international wildlife refuge 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/3110/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/3110/ text/html John H. Hartig john_hartig@fws.gov Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 9311 Groh Road, Grosse Ile, MI 48138, USA Sustainable Scotland Network, Wallace House, 17-21 Maxwell Place, Stirling, FK8 1JU, Scotland, UK Water Science and Technology, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada Rebecca S. Robinson becca.s.robinson@gmail.com Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 9311 Groh Road, Grosse Ile, MI 48138, USA Sustainable Scotland Network, Wallace House, 17-21 Maxwell Place, Stirling, FK8 1JU, Scotland, UK Water Science and Technology, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada Michael A. Zarull Michael.Zarull@ec.gc.ca Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 9311 Groh Road, Grosse Ile, MI 48138, USA Sustainable Scotland Network, Wallace House, 17-21 Maxwell Place, Stirling, FK8 1JU, Scotland, UK Water Science and Technology, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-13:d:94712010-10-15RePEc

article As sustainable waste management has become an important environmental concern, growing emphasis is being given to policy tools aimed at increasing recycling behavior by households. Information is a common policy tool, but may not always reach the individuals whose behavior is being targeted, <em>i.e.</em>, those reluctant to recycle. This study examined individual differences in attention to recycling information and demand for such information. A nationwide survey in Sweden showed that having personal norms for recycling is important when it comes to obeying and seeking environmentally relevant information. In contrast to earlier research, this study found that lack of information alone is not a significant antecedent to the intention to seek information. Personal norms were found to moderate the effect of perceived lack of information on the intention to seek information. information behavior; attention; recycling information; personal norms 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2785/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2785/ text/html Chris von Borgstede cvb@psy.gu.se Department of Psychology, Gothenburg University, P.O. Box 500, Haraldsgatan 1, SE 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden Kristin Andersson kristinandersson@yahoo.se Department of Psychology, Gothenburg University, P.O. Box 500, Haraldsgatan 1, SE 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:2:p:1-8:d:87912010-10-15RePEc

article We consider three-sided coalition formation problems when each agent is concerned about his local status as measured by his relative rank position within the group of his own type and about his global status as measured by the weighted sum of the average rankings of the other types of groups. We show that a core stable coalition structure always exists, provided that the corresponding weights are balanced and each agent perceives the two types of status as being substitutable. core; hedonic games; three-sided matching 2 2010 1 6 Games 1 8 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/2/159/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/2/159/ text/html Emiliya Lazarova Management School, Queen’s University Belfast, 25 University Square, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK Faculty of Law and Economics, Saarland University, Campus C3 1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany Dinko Dimitrov dinko.dimitrov@mx.uni-saarland.de Management School, Queen’s University Belfast, 25 University Square, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK Faculty of Law and Economics, Saarland University, Campus C3 1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-18:d:79242010-10-15RePEc

article Demand for organically produced food products is increasing rapidly in North America, driven by a perception that organic agriculture results in fewer negative environmental impacts and yields greater benefits for human health than conventional systems. Despite the increasing interest in organic grain production on the Canadian Prairies, a number of challenges remain to be addressed to ensure its long-term sustainability. In this review, we summarize Western Canadian research into organic crop production and evaluate its agronomic, environmental, and economic sustainability. organic agriculture; conventional agriculture; sustainability; Canada; grain farming 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1016/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/1016/ text/html Crystal Snyder crystal.snyder@ualberta.ca Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada Dean Spaner dean.spaner@ualberta.ca Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-4:d:85432010-10-15RePEc

article In November 2009, China pledged a 40–45% decrease in CO2 emissions per GDP by 2020, as compared with the 2005 level. Although carbon intensity (emission) targets by nature are ambiguous, this study demonstrates that China’s pledge is consistent with the current Chinese domestic agenda that simultaneously pursues economic growth and energy security. The target numbers in the pledge seem reasonable, given the technological feasibility and measures, considered along with the assumption that moderate economic growth will occur. However, the study also argues that financial and institutional constraints exist as potential obstacles to achieving the target if the trend of the current economic tendencies continues. climate change; China’s pledge; carbon intensity 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 4 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1553/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1553/ text/html Michinori Uwasu uwasu@sdc.osaka-u.ac.jp Sustainability Design Center, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Department of Economics, Antai College of Economics & Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 535 Fahua Zhen Rd., Shanghai 200052, China Institute of Social Economic Research, Sustainability Design Center, Osaka University, 6-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0046, Japan Yi Jiang easyrabbit_yi@hotmail.com Sustainability Design Center, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Department of Economics, Antai College of Economics & Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 535 Fahua Zhen Rd., Shanghai 200052, China Institute of Social Economic Research, Sustainability Design Center, Osaka University, 6-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0046, Japan Tatsuyoshi Saijo saijo@iser.osaka-u.ac.jp Sustainability Design Center, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Department of Economics, Antai College of Economics & Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 535 Fahua Zhen Rd., Shanghai 200052, China Institute of Social Economic Research, Sustainability Design Center, Osaka University, 6-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0046, Japan

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-16:d:77642010-10-15RePEc

article The Netherlands has a tradition in public spatial planning and design. In the past 20 years, we have seen an increasing role for the market in this field, and more recently, growing attention for sustainability. Sustainability has become an economic factor. Not only at the building level, but also on the level of large-scale area development projects. More and more local governments have high ambitions for sustainable development. Increasingly, during project development, buildings are developed on a sustainable basis. Most of the time, the focus in this approach is on energy. However, sustainability also comprises social aspects. Energy measures have a direct relation to an economic factor such as investment costs, and payback time can be calculated. The economic aspects of social sustainability are more complex. Therefore, for all sustainability development projects, especially in large-scale projects planned over a longer period, it is necessary to make presumptions, which are less reliable as the planning period is extended. For future larger-scale developments, experience in the Netherlands points to two design approaches: ‘backcasting’, or using a growth model (or a combination of these two). The power of design is the ability to imagine possible scenarios for the future. The layer approach helps to integrate sustainability into public spatial planning. And more specifically, Urban Design Management (UDM) supports an integrative and collaborative approach also on the operational level of a project in which public and market partners work together. This article outlines how design, based on these approaches, can contribute to sustainable development based on the ‘new playing field’, where spatial problems should be solved in networks. Dutch projects in Almere (Benoordenhout) and Rijswijk are used to illustrate this approach. sustainable urban area development; strategy; urban design management 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/902/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/902/ text/html Friso de Zeeuw W.C.T.F.deZeeuw@tudelft.nl Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, P.O. Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands Center for Sustainability, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 13–620 AC, The Netherlands Agnes Franzen a.j.franzen@tudelft.nl Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, P.O. Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands Center for Sustainability, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 13–620 AC, The Netherlands Kristel Aalbers K.P.M.Aalbers@tudelft.nl Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, P.O. Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands Center for Sustainability, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 13–620 AC, The Netherlands Anke van Hal J.D.M.vanHal@tudelft.nl Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, P.O. Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands Center for Sustainability, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 13–620 AC, The Netherlands Birgit Dulski B.Dulski@nyenrode.nl Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, P.O. Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands Center for Sustainability, Nyenrode Business University, P.O. Box 13–620 AC, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-13:d:68042010-10-15RePEc

article A history of the implementation of a system of water storage roof gutters illustrates the difficulties which may be encountered in delivering more sustainable construction systems. Utilizing some rainwater at the site where it falls has considerable conservation benefit but it requires builders, roofers and plumbers to vary some of their standard practices. The observed change delivery process involves incorporation of trade knowledge, attention to detail, flexibility and the willingness of all parties including local building control authorities to try new options. Lessons learned have implications for the introduction of many kinds of environmentally driven improvements to domestic construction. storage gutters; rainwater use; potable water replacement; infiltration; trade knowledge 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/266/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/266/ text/html Mary Hardie m.hardie@uws.edu.au School of Engineering, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW 1797, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-22:d:87162010-10-15RePEc

article Automobiles are a major source of CO₂ emissions. Because there is no immediate technological fix to reduce these emissions, the most promising current strategy is to promote less automobile use. In the United States, this is difficult because federal programs such as the interstate highway system and local land use planning and regulation have encouraged suburban sprawl. In 2006, the state of California passed legislation to roll back greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. This legislation did not link the roll back target with land use policies. However, NGOs and the state Attorney General used the state’s pre-existing environmental impact assessment act to sue a large county east of Los Angeles alleging that its revised land use plan was inconsistent with the 2006 legislation. The state and the county settled the suit after the county agreed to new greenhouse gas mitigation duties, and in 2008 California passed additional legislation to implement its 2006 statute. Communities are strongly encouraged to adopt compact, transit-oriented development strategies to limit automobile use. The new legislation gives the attorney general and NGOs additional legal authority to challenge local land use plans and regulatory decisions which fail to adopt these strategies. California’s important experiment has lessons for all urban areas struggling to reduce automobile CO₂ emissions. It suggests that local land use controls can be added to the list of workable greenhouse gas mitigation strategies. sustainable land use; transportation-linked greenhouse gas reduction; environmental impact assessment; climate change 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 22 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1742/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1742/ text/html Rachel Medina rmedinaesq@gmail.com Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology, 565 West Adams Street, Chicago, IL 60661-3691, USA A. Dan Tarlock dtarlock@kentlaw.edu Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology, 565 West Adams Street, Chicago, IL 60661-3691, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-18:d:62652010-10-15RePEc

article The engineering profession should embrace a new mission statement—to contribute to the building of a more sustainable, stable, and equitable world. Recently, engineering students and professionals in the United States have shown strong interest in directly addressing the needs of developing communities worldwide. That interest has taken the form of short-and medium-term international trips through Engineers Without Borders—USA and similar organizations. There are also several instances where this kind of outreach work has been integrated into engineering education at various US institutions such as the University of Colorado at Boulder. This paper addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with balancing two goals in engineering for humanitarian development projects: (i) effective sustainable community development, and (ii) meaningful education of engineers. Guiding principles necessary to meet those two goals are proposed. engineering education; interrelationships between people; resources; environment; and development; hands-on projects; humanitarian development 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1087/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1087/ text/html Bernard Amadei amadei@colorado.edu Mortenson Center in Engineering for Developing Communities, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder / 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0428, USA Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder / 429 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0429, USA Robyn Sandekian sandekian@colorado.edu Mortenson Center in Engineering for Developing Communities, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder / 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0428, USA Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder / 429 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0429, USA Evan Thomas ethomas@colorado.edu Mortenson Center in Engineering for Developing Communities, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder / 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0428, USA Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder / 429 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0429, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-18:d:50752010-10-15RePEc

article The savannas located in the forest-savanna ecotone in the Venezuelan Amazon have unfertile sandy ultisols and entisols which show a very low crop production unless they are supplemented with large amounts of fertiliser. In spite of this restriction, local farmers have established long-term production systems by using low input doses of organic manure. The use of organic waste in unfertile ultisols and entisols typical of savannas have resulted in increases in organic matter content and biological activities in soils with respect to inorganic fertilised or non-fertilised natural savanna, which, in turn, may be related to increases in crop productivity. These results could be a successful and reliable soil management technique for rehabilitation of the South American savannas. organic farms; soil quality; microbial biomass; enzymatic activities; Amazonia 2 2009 1 5 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/215/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/215/ text/html Danilo López-Hernández danilo.lopez@ciens.ucv.ve Universidad Central de Venezuela. Instituto de Zoología Tropical. Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, Apdo 47058, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia Carmen Leonor Hernández Universidad Central de Venezuela. Instituto de Zoología Tropical. Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, Apdo 47058, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia Igor Netuzhilin Universidad Central de Venezuela. Instituto de Zoología Tropical. Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, Apdo 47058, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia Ana Yamila López-Contreras alopez@fonacit.gob.ve Universidad Central de Venezuela. Instituto de Zoología Tropical. Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, Apdo 47058, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-16:d:52042010-10-15RePEc

article Corporate carbon footprint (CCFP) is one of the most widely used indicators to synthesise environmental impacts on a corporate scale. We present a methodological proposal for CCFP calculation on the basis of the “method composed of financial accounts” abbreviated as MC3, considering the Spanish version “metodo compuesto de las cuentas contables”. The main objective is to describe how this method and the main outputs obtained work. This latter task is fulfilled with a practical case study, where we estimate the carbon footprint of a wine-producing company for the year 2006. Results show the origin of impacts generated, providing this firm with disaggregated information on the contribution to its CCFP of each one of its activities and consumptions. ecological footprint analysis; carbon corporate footprint; MC3 2 2009 1 6 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/302/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/302/ text/html Adolfo Carballo Penela adolfo.carballo@usc.es Fisheries Economics and Natural Resources Research Group-USC, Facultade de CC Económicas e Empresariais, Av. Burgo de las Nacións s/n, Santiago de Compostela, CP. 15782, A Coruña- Galicia, Spain Port of Gijón, c/Claudio Alvargonzález, 32; 33290 Gijón, Asturias, Spain María do Carme García-Negro maricarme.garcia.negro@usc.es Fisheries Economics and Natural Resources Research Group-USC, Facultade de CC Económicas e Empresariais, Av. Burgo de las Nacións s/n, Santiago de Compostela, CP. 15782, A Coruña- Galicia, Spain Port of Gijón, c/Claudio Alvargonzález, 32; 33290 Gijón, Asturias, Spain Juan Luís Doménech Quesada jdomenech@puertogijon.es Fisheries Economics and Natural Resources Research Group-USC, Facultade de CC Económicas e Empresariais, Av. Burgo de las Nacións s/n, Santiago de Compostela, CP. 15782, A Coruña- Galicia, Spain Port of Gijón, c/Claudio Alvargonzález, 32; 33290 Gijón, Asturias, Spain

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-23:d:65512010-10-15RePEc

article Sustainable use of natural resources seems necessary to maintain functions and services of eco- and social systems in the long run. Efforts in policy and science for sustainable development have shown the splintering of local, national and global strategies. Sustainability becomes contingent and insecure with the actors´ conflicting knowledge, interests and aims, and seems even impossible through the “rebound”-effect. To make short and long term requirements of sustainability coherent requires critical, comparative and theoretical analysis of the problems met. For this purpose important concepts and theories are discussed in this review of recent interdisciplinary literature about resource management. sustainability; sustainable development; natural resource management; nature-society interrelations; interdisciplinary frameworks; transdisciplinarity; ecological distribution conflicts; rebound effect 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 23 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1388/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1388/ text/html Karl Bruckmeier karl.bruckmeier@globalstudies.gu.se School of Global Studies, Gothenburg University, Box 700, Gothenburg, SE-40530, Sweden

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-15:d:46122010-10-15RePEc

article Biogeochemical cycles are cornerstones of biological evolution. Mature terrestrial ecosystems efficiently trap nutrients and certain ones are largely recycled internally. Preserving natural fluxes of nutrients is an important mission of protected areas, but artificially leaky systems remain common. Native red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Swiss National Park (SNP) are known to reduce phosphorus (P) in preferred feeding sites by removing more P than is returned with feces. At larger scales it becomes apparent that losses are occurring due to seasonal deer movements out of the SNP where most deer end up perishing. Thus, the SNP contributes to producing deer which translocate P to sink areas outside the SNP due to several artificial factors. An adult female dying outside of SNP exports about 1.8 kg of P, whereas a male dying outside of SNP at 8 years of age exports 7.2 kg of P due also to annual shedding of antlers. Averaged over the vegetated part of the SNP, the about 2,000 deer export 0.32 kg/ha/yr of P. Other ungulate species using the SNP and dying principally outside of its borders would result in additional exports of P. Leakiness in this case is induced by: a) absence of the predator community and thus a lack of summer mortalities and absence of several relevant non-lethal predator effects, b) hunting-accelerated population turnover rate, and c) deaths outside of SNP principally from hunting. The estimated export rate for P compares to rates measured in extensive production systems which receive 10-50 kg/ha/yr of P as fertilizer to compensate the losses from biomass exports. Assumptions were made regarding red deer body weight or population turnover rate, yet substituting my estimates with actual values from the SNP would only affect somewhat the magnitude of the effect, but not its direction. The rate of P loss is a proxy for losses of other elements, the most critical ones being those not essential to autotrophs, but essential to heterotrophs. High deer turnover rates combined with accelerated biomass export warrants detailed mass balances of macro and micro nutrients, and studies of biogeochemical cycles in protected areas are essential if preserving natural processes is a mandate. Cervus elaphus; Phosphorus; Biogeochemical cycle; Protected areas; Biomass export 2 2009 1 4 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/104/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/104/ text/html Werner T. Flueck wtf@deerlab.org CONICET (National Council for Scientific Research), C.C. 176, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina Instituto de Análisis de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Atlántida, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina Swiss Tropical Institute, University Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-16:d:56812010-10-15RePEc

article Household waste is an environmental and public health problem, especially for the large cities in Sub-Saharan African countries. While the improper management of household waste in Cameroon is linked to the systematic failure of policy makers and municipal authorities to identify the most sustainable ways of dealing with it in such a manner that is in line is with their socio-economic aspirations, the impact of public attitudes and behaviour has been neglected. It is in this context that this paper uses Q-methodology, a powerful methodology for identifying the different trends in behaviour in the management of household waste in Douala, Cameroon. Q methodology; public attitudes and behaviour; household waste; composting; education; capacity building; third sector organisations 3 2009 1 9 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/556/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/556/ text/html Lawrence O. Mbeng Lawrence.ObenMbeng@northampton.ac.uk School of Applied Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK School of Business and Economics, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK Jane Probert J.Probert@swansea.ac.uk School of Applied Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK School of Business and Economics, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK Paul S. Phillips Paul.Phillips@northampton.ac.uk School of Applied Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK School of Business and Economics, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK Roy Fairweather roy.fairweather@veolia.co.uk School of Applied Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK School of Business and Economics, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-16:d:63272010-10-15RePEc

article There are many legislative, stakeholder and supply chain pressures on business to be more ‘sustainable’. Universities have recognised the need for graduate knowledge and understanding of sustainable development issues. Many businesses and universities have responded and introduced Sustainable Development models into their operations with much of the current effort directed at climate change. However, as the current worldwide financial crisis slowly improves, the expectations upon how businesses operate and behave are changing. It will require improved transparency and relationships with all stakeholders, which is the essence of sustainable development. The challenges and opportunities for both business and universities are to understand the requirements of sustainable development and the transformation that is required. They should ensure that knowledge is embedded within the culture of the organisation and wider society in order to achieve a sustainable future. sustainable development; business; design; education 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1144/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1144/ text/html Nigel Garland ngarland@bournemouth.ac.uk Sustainable Design Research Centre, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK Research and Enterprise, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK Business Council for Sustainable Development-UK, Floodgate Street, Birmingham, B5 5SL, UK Mark Hadfield mhadfield@bournemouth.ac.uk Sustainable Design Research Centre, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK Research and Enterprise, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK Business Council for Sustainable Development-UK, Floodgate Street, Birmingham, B5 5SL, UK George Howarth ghowarth@btconnect.com Sustainable Design Research Centre, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK Research and Enterprise, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK Business Council for Sustainable Development-UK, Floodgate Street, Birmingham, B5 5SL, UK David Middleton DavidM@ebc-info.co.uk Sustainable Design Research Centre, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK Research and Enterprise, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK Business Council for Sustainable Development-UK, Floodgate Street, Birmingham, B5 5SL, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:1:p:1-14:d:64062010-10-15RePEc

article We introduce a class of evolutionary game dynamics — <em>pairwise comparison dynamics</em> — under which revising agents choose a candidate strategy at random, switching to it with positive probability if and only if its payoff is higher than the agent’s current strategy. We prove that all such dynamics satisfy <em>Nash stationarity</em>: the set of rest points of these dynamics is always identical to the set of Nash equilibria of the underlying game. We also show how one can modify the replicator dynamic and other imitative dynamics to ensure Nash stationarity without increasing the informational demands placed on the agents. These results provide an interpretation of Nash equilibrium that relies on large numbers arguments and weak requirements on payoff observations rather than on strong equilibrium knowledge assumptions. evolutionary game theory; dynamical systems; Nash equilibrium 1 2009 1 12 Games 1 14 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/1/3/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/1/3/ text/html William H. Sandholm whs@ssc.wisc.edu Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-14:d:94922010-10-15RePEc

article According to our study, based on interviews with households in a residential area in Sweden, <em>uncertainty</em> is a cultural barrier to improved recycling. Four causes of uncertainty are identified. Firstly, professional categories not matching cultural categories—people easily discriminate between certain categories (e.g., materials such as plastic and paper) but not between others (e.g., packaging and “non-packaging”). Thus a frequent cause of uncertainty is that the basic categories of the waste recycling system do not coincide with the basic categories used in everyday life. Challenged habits—source separation in everyday life is habitual, but when a habit is challenged, by a particular element or feature of the waste system, uncertainty can arise. Lacking fractions—some kinds of items cannot be left for recycling and this makes waste collection incomplete from the user’s point of view and in turn lowers the credibility of the system. Missing or contradictory rules of thumb—the above causes seem to be particularly relevant if no motivating principle or rule of thumb (within the context of use) is successfully conveyed to the user. This paper discusses how reducing uncertainty can improve recycling. cultural categories; waste; everyday life; habits; environmental sustainability; social practices 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2799/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2799/ text/html Greger Henriksson gregerh@kth.se Department of Urban Planning and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Cultural Sciences, Lund University, P.O. Box 117, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Lynn Åkesson lynn.akesson@kultur.lu.se Department of Urban Planning and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Cultural Sciences, Lund University, P.O. Box 117, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Susanne Ewert susanne.ewert@kultur.lu.se Department of Urban Planning and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Cultural Sciences, Lund University, P.O. Box 117, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-12:d:85532010-10-15RePEc

article This paper proposes the use of sustainable energy systems based on solar and biomass technologies to provide solutions to utility challenges in Nigeria and acute water shortage both in rural and urban areas of that country. The paper highlights the paradoxes of oil-rich Nigeria and the stark reality of social infrastructure deprivations in that country. Perennial power outages over many years have translated to the absence of or poorly-developed basic social infrastructures in Nigeria. The consequences of this lack have been an increase in abject poverty in rural and urban communities as well as the erosion of social order and threats to citizen and their property. This paper proposes the adaptation of two emerging technologies for building sustainable energy systems and the development of decentralized and sustainable energy sources as catalyst for much-needed social infrastructure development through the creation of Renewable Energy Business Incubators, creative lending strategies, NGO partnerships and shifting energy-distribution responsibilities. These changes will stimulate grassroots economies in the country, develop large quantities of much needed clean water, maintain acceptable standards of sanitation and improve the health and wellbeing of Nigerian communities. The proposed strategies are specific to the Nigerian context; however, the authors suggest that the same or similar strategies may provide energy and social infrastructure development solutions to other developing countries as well. sustainable energy; social infrastructure; solar energy; bio-energy; OPEC; NGO; Renewable Energy Business Incubators 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1558/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1558/ text/html Kalu Uduma ku1@alphapv.com Alpha-Solar LLC, 19962 Renfrew Road, Detroit, MI 48221, USA Civil, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Department, The Volgenau School of Information Technology and Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA The ASCE Global Center of Excellence in Computing, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA Tomasz Arciszewski tarcisze@gmu.edu Alpha-Solar LLC, 19962 Renfrew Road, Detroit, MI 48221, USA Civil, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Department, The Volgenau School of Information Technology and Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA The ASCE Global Center of Excellence in Computing, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-26:d:68262010-10-15RePEc

article Produced from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel in the absence of oxygen, black carbon (BC) is the collective term for a range of carbonaceous substances encompassing partly charred plant residues to highly graphitized soot. Depending on its form, condition of origin and storage (from the atmosphere to the geosphere), and surrounding environmental conditions, BC can influence the environment at local, regional and global scales in different ways. In this paper, we review and synthesize recent findings and discussions on the nature of these different forms of BC and their impacts, particularly in relation to pollution and climate change. We start by describing the different types of BCs and their mechanisms of formation. To elucidate their pollutant sorption properties, we present some models involving polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organic carbon. Subsequently, we discuss the stability of BC in the environment, summarizing the results of studies that showed a lack of chemical degradation of BC in soil and those that exposed BC to severe oxidative reactions to degrade it. After a brief overview of BC extraction and measurement methods and BC use for source attribution studies, we reflect upon its significance in the environment, first by going over a theory that it could represent parts of what is called the ‘missing sink’ of carbon in global carbon cycle models. Elaborating upon the relationship of BC with polycyclic hydrocarbons, we show its significance for the sorption and transport of pollutants. A description of pulmonary-respiratory health effects of soot BC inhalation is followed by a discussion on its impact on climate and climate change. We explain how soot BC acts as a global warming agent through light (and heat) absorption and how it reduces the snow’s albedo and promotes its uncharacteristic thawing. On a more positive note, we conclude this review by illustrating recent observations and simulations of how pyrolytic processes can stabilize plant carbon stocks in the form of biochar BC that can sequester carbon and can help mitigate climate change, in addition to improving soil fertility. soil carbon sequestration; carbon budget; atmospheric pollution; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; climate; biochar 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 26 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/294/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/294/ text/html Gyami Shrestha gyami.shrestha@gmail.com Environmental Systems Program, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA Northern Institute of Applied Carbon Science, Climate, Fire, & Carbon Cycle Science Research, Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 410 MacInnes Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA Samuel J. Traina straina@ucmerced.edu Environmental Systems Program, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA Northern Institute of Applied Carbon Science, Climate, Fire, & Carbon Cycle Science Research, Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 410 MacInnes Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA Christopher W. Swanston cwswanston@fed.fs.us Environmental Systems Program, Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA Northern Institute of Applied Carbon Science, Climate, Fire, & Carbon Cycle Science Research, Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 410 MacInnes Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-17:d:71102010-10-15RePEc

article Surveys can be a rich source of information. However, the extraction of underlying variables from the analysis of mixed categoric and numeric survey data is fraught with complications when using grouping techniques such as clustering or ordination. Here I present a new strategy to deal with classification of households into clusters, and identification of cluster membership for new households. The strategy relies on probabilistic methods for identifying variables underlying the clusters. It incorporates existing methods that (i) help determine the optimal cluster number, (ii) directly identify variables underlying clusters, and (iii) identify the variables important for classifying new cases into existing clusters. The strategy uses the R statistical software, which is freely accessible to anyone. nominal; cluster; typology; statistics; data analysis; decision tree; grouping 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/533/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/533/ text/html Alexander Herr alexander.herr@csiro.au CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Gungahlin Homestead, Bellenden Street, GPO Box 284, Crace, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-24:d:91222010-10-15RePEc

article Environmental laws and policies have saved some “trees”, but the “forest” is being lost as critical global issues including climate change, biodiversity loss, and our ecological footprint continue to worsen. Existing laws and policies mitigate the ecological damage inflicted by industrial economies and western lifestyles. The article essentially makes the case for a sustainability approach to law that aims for transformation rather than environmental mitigation. Relevant trends in international law and domestic law reflective of a sustainability approach are discussed, and the article describes some contours of “law for sustainability” or “sustainability law”. environmental reductionism; compartmentalization; fragmentation; subject of environmental law; anthropocentrism <em>vs. </em>ecocentrism; sustainability; ecological integrity; sustainability law 8 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 24 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2424/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2424/ text/html Klaus Bosselmann k.bosselmann@auckland.ac.nz New Zealand Centre for Environmental Law, Faculty of Law, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, Aotearoa, New Zealand

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-18:d:56432010-10-15RePEc

article This paper reports on case study research into six higher education institutions (three in the UK and three in the USA) that give prominence to their sustainability credentials in their paper form and/or electronic promotional and recruitment materials. The purpose of the research was to draw important lessons and identify significant issues concerning the sustainability branding and marketing of higher education institutions. Key findings include, first, the importance of calibrating sustainability marketing according to actual sustainability performance while also embracing a sustainability vision; second, the importance of combining internal with external marketing; third, the importance of institutional clarity in determining marketing parameters; fourth, the advantages of marrying broad-based ‘subtle’ marketing with intensive niche and segment marketing. It was found, too, that higher education institutions with a sustainability brand are not collecting systematic data to assess marketing impact on student recruitment, or utilizing the sustainability/employability interface to good marketing effect, or employing a multi-dimensional conception of sustainability in their marketing. There is clear evidence of the stirrings of movement away from paper-form towards electronic marketing across the cases considered. An overarching insight of the study is that rigorous institutional engagement with marketing sustainability credentials can have a significant impact on the quality and depth of sustainability performance by helping spread, enrich and diversify the institutional sustainability culture. education for sustainability; sustainability; university; marketing; branding 3 2009 1 8 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/537/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/537/ text/html David Selby david.selby@interconnections.f9.co.uk Centre for Sustainable Futures, Kirkby Lodge, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK Paula Jones paula.jones@plymouth.ac.uk Centre for Sustainable Futures, Kirkby Lodge, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK Fumiyo Kagawa fumiyo.kagawa@plymouth.ac.uk Centre for Sustainable Futures, Kirkby Lodge, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-12:d:71412010-10-15RePEc

article Astrobiology, the study of life in the universe, offers profound insights into human sustainability. However, astrobiology is commonly neglected in sustainability research. This paper develops three topics connecting astrobiology to sustainability: constraints on what zones in the universe are habitable, the absence of observations of extraterrestrial civilizations, and the physical fate of the universe. These topics have major implications for our thinking and action on sustainability. While we may not be doomed, we must take certain actions to sustain ourselves in this universe. The topics also suggest that our current sustainability efforts may be of literally galactic importance. astrobiology; sustainability; environmental determinism; Fermi Paradox; physical eschatology; existential risk; global catastrophic risk; space colonization 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/591/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/591/ text/html Seth D. Baum sbaum@psu.edu Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Rock Ethics Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-21:d:46552010-10-15RePEc

article The argument of this paper is that sustainability requires a new worldview-paradigm. It critically evaluates Gore’s liberal-based environmentalism in order to show how “shallow ecologies” are called into question by deeper ecologies. This analysis leads to the notion that global warming is better understood as a symptom indicative of the worldview that is the source for environmental crises. Heidegger’s ontological hermeneutics and its critique of modern technology show that the modern worldview involves an enframing (a totalizing technological ordering) of the natural. Enframing reveals entities as standing reserve (on demand energy suppliers). My thesis maintains that enframing is geographically expressed as automobility. Because of the energy needs used to maintain automobility, reaching the goal of sustainability requires rethinking the spatial organization of life as a function of stored energy technologies. Global warming; symptomatology; automobility; sustainability; enframing; standing reserve; unearthed; unrootedness; leveled; de-geographication; respectful humility; uprootedness 2 2009 1 4 Sustainability 1 21 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/187/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/187/ text/html Gary Backhaus gmbackhaus@loyola.edu Loyola College in Maryland, Department of Philosophy, 4501 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21210-2699, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:3:p:1-14:d:73122010-10-15RePEc

article This study was conducted to investigate use of renewable energy and materials in smallholder farming system of the Tafresh township of Iran. The population of the study consisted of 2,400 small farmers working in the smallholder farming systems of the area, in which 133 people were selected as sample using Cochran formula and simple random sampling technique. In order to gather the information, a questionnaire was developed for the study and validated by the judgment of the experts in agricultural development and extension. The reliability of the main scales of the questionnaire was examined by Cronbach Alpha coefficients, which ranged from 0.7 to 0.93, indicating the tool of study is reliable. The findings revealed that the majority of the respondents use renewable energy and materials directly in its traditional forms without enabling technologies, and they lack the access to renewable technologies to improve the efficiency of energy use. They preferred fossil energy for many activities due to its lower cost and ease of access. The overall conclusion is that there are potentials and capacities for using renewable energies and materials in the farming systems of the Tafresh township. The government has to support and encourage the adoption of renewable technologies and abandon fossil fuels wherever possible. renewable energy; sustainable agriculture; smallholder farming; Tafresh 3 2010 2 3 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/702/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/702/ text/html Hossein Shabanali Fami hfami@ut.ac.ir Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Education, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Rural Development, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran Environmental Science, University of Tehran; 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Extension and Education, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran Javad Ghasemi javadghasemi710@gmail.com Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Education, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Rural Development, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran Environmental Science, University of Tehran; 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Extension and Education, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran Rahil Malekipoor malekipoor_rahil@yahoo.com Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Education, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Rural Development, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran Environmental Science, University of Tehran; 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Extension and Education, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran Parinaz Rashidi parinazrashidi@yahoo.com Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Education, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Rural Development, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran Environmental Science, University of Tehran; 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Extension and Education, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran Saeede Nazari snazari86@gmail.com Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Education, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Rural Development, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran Environmental Science, University of Tehran; 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Extension and Education, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran Arezoo Mirzaee arezoo_agri@yahoo.com Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Education, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Rural Development, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran Environmental Science, University of Tehran; 16 Azar Street, Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran Agricultural Extension and Education, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Poonak, Tehran, Iran

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-11:d:93712010-10-15RePEc

article Over the last 4 decades, the concept of sustainable development has emerged in response to environmental and economic crises related to the consumption of non-renewable resources. The challenge of developing a sustainable economy has moved beyond the disciplines of economics, environmental and political science to include an ecological approach involving the public health community. The role of cultural values in defining and addressing the issue of sustainability from a public health perspective varies among nations and is dependent on multiple factors. This paper highlights the challenges related to sustainability and current health problems in Thailand. An innovative educational approach from Mahidol University, a leading public health institution, incorporates the principles of a sufficiency economy while integrating the school’s mission of preserving and applying national and local culture and wisdom to sustain and improve quality of life. sustainability; sustainable development; public health; culture; Thailand 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 11 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2707/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2707/ text/html Tassanee Rawiworrakul phtrw@mahidol.ac.th Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajavithi Road, Rachathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand Department of Nursing, School of Health and Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 3 Solomont Way, Suite 2, Lowell, MA 01854, USA Somporn Triumchaisri phstr@mahidol.ac.th Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajavithi Road, Rachathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand Department of Nursing, School of Health and Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 3 Solomont Way, Suite 2, Lowell, MA 01854, USA Barbara Mawn barbara_mawn@uml.edu Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajavithi Road, Rachathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand Department of Nursing, School of Health and Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 3 Solomont Way, Suite 2, Lowell, MA 01854, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-12:d:89872010-10-15RePEc

article The durability of metal structures is strongly influenced by damage due to atmospheric corrosion, whose control is a key aspect for design and maintenance of both new constructions and historical buildings. Nevertheless, only general provisions are given in European codes to prevent the effects of corrosion during the lifetime of metal structures. In particular, design guidelines such as Eurocode 3 do not provide models for the evaluation of corrosion depth that are able to predict the rate of thickness loss as a function of different influencing parameters. In this paper, the modeling approaches of atmospheric corrosion damage of metal structures, which are available in both ISO standards and the literature, are presented. A comparison among selected degradation models is shown in order to evaluate the possibility of developing a general approach to the evaluation of thickness loss due to corrosion. atmospheric corrosion; metal and alloys; corrosion models 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 12 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2163/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2163/ text/html Raffaele Landolfo landolfo@unina.it Department of Constructions and Mathematical Methods in Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Via Forno Vecchio 36, 80134 Naples, Italy Lucrezia Cascini lucrezia.cascini@unina.it Department of Constructions and Mathematical Methods in Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Via Forno Vecchio 36, 80134 Naples, Italy Francesco Portioli fportiol@unina.it Department of Constructions and Mathematical Methods in Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Via Forno Vecchio 36, 80134 Naples, Italy

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:1:p:1-15:d:74692010-10-15RePEc

article Explaining human cooperation in large groups of non-kin is a major challenge to both rational choice theory and the theory of evolution. Recent research suggests that group cooperation can be explained by positing that cooperators can punish non-cooperators or cheaters. The experimental evidence comes from public goods games in which group members are fully informed about the behavior of all others and cheating occurs in full view. We demonstrate that under more realistic information conditions, where cheating is less obvious, punishment is much less effective in enforcing cooperation. Evidently, the explanatory power of punishment is constrained by the visibility of cheating. public-goods game; punishment; cooperation; reciprocity; experimental games 1 2010 1 3 Games 1 15 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/1/18/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/1/18/ text/html Gary Bornstein Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel Ori Weisel oriw@mscc.huji.ac.il Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-18:d:76842010-10-15RePEc

article The ecological issues arising from manufacturing operations have led to the focus on environmental sustainability in manufacturing. This can be addressed adequately using a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). To attain an effective and efficient CLSC, it is necessary to imbibe a holistic performance measurement approach. In order to achieve this, there is a need to adopt a specific approach for a particular product rather than being generic. Since sustainability has direct environmental footprints that involve organizational stakeholders, suppliers, customers and the society at large, complexities surrounding supply chain performance measurement have multiplied. In this study, a suitable approach has been proposed for CLSC performance measurement in the automotive industry, based on reviewed literature. It is believed that this approach will result in increased effectiveness and efficiency in CLSC performance measurement. closed-loop supply chain; performance measurement; automobile supply chain 4 2010 2 3 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/871/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/871/ text/html Ezutah Udoncy Olugu euolugu3@siswa.utm.my Department of Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Malaysia Business and Advanced Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, International Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Kuan Yew Wong wongky@fkm.utm.my Department of Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Malaysia Business and Advanced Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, International Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Awaludin Mohamed Shaharoun awaluddin@ic.utm.my Department of Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Malaysia Business and Advanced Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, International Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:1:p:1-1:d:58622010-10-15RePEc

article Over the last fifty years, game theory has evolved from a mathematical theory of optimal behaviour in stylized situations (“games”) to a general theory of human behaviour, be it actually observed or normatively desirable. Its scope includes both the mathematical modelling and analysis of competition and conflict and the study of human behaviour in strategic contexts and its determinants. Nowadays, game theory has become the language of economics and is increasingly becoming one of the main methods of analysis in several social sciences. Its theoretical underpinnings can be viewed as a mathematical subdiscipline, while its more behavioural offshoots benefit from cross-fertilization with psychology. Game theory has grown within economics but is, by its very nature, interdisciplinary, to the extent that no game theorist can or should define him or herself in disciplinary terms anymore. [...] n/a 1 2009 1 9 Games 1 1 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/1/1/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/1/1/ text/html Carlos Alós-Ferrer Carlos.Alos-Ferrer@uni-konstanz.de Founding Editor-in-Chief of Games, Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Box 150, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-11:d:58092010-10-15RePEc

article Waste electrical and electronic equipment is one of the major world-wide waste streams triggering the emergence of environmental strategies. Environmental regulations, closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) activities and design-for-environment (DfE) practices are environmental friendly strategies being implemented by governments and industry. In this paper, we apply a System Dynamics model to a CLSC of electrical and electronic equipment in Greece. Extensive numerical investigation provides insights regarding the impact of different legislative measures, CLSC activities and DfE practices on the environmental (availability of natural resources and landfills) and economic sustainability. sustainability; closed-loop supply chains; design-for-environment; environmental legislation; electrical and electronic equipment; System Dynamics 3 2009 1 9 Sustainability 1 11 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/722/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/722/ text/html Patroklos Georgiadis geopat@auth.gr Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Mechanical Engineering, P.O.Box 461, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece Maria Besiou mmpesiou@auth.gr Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Mechanical Engineering, P.O.Box 461, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-21:d:55682010-10-15RePEc

article This paper assesses and compares existing and new technologies for space heating in Germany (e.g., heat pumps, and solar thermal and wood pellet systems) in terms of their environmental impacts. The various technologies were analyzed within the context of the new German legislation. The assessment was carried out on three levels: 1. Global emissions: a life cycle assessment was carried out in order to find the global environmental footprint of the various technologies; 2. Local emissions: the effects of local emissions on human health were analyzed; and 3. Immissions: the immissions were evaluated for the various technologies using a dispersion calculation. A special feature of this study is the substitution of frequently used database emission values by values obtained from field studies and our own measurements. The results show large differences between the different technologies: while electric heat pumps performed quite well in most categories, wood pellet systems performed the best with respect to climate change. The latter, however, are associated with high impacts in other environmental impact categories and on a local scale. The promotion of some technologies (especially systems based on fuel oil, a mixture of fuel oil and rapeseed oil, or a mixture of natural gas and biomethane) by the newly introduced German legislation is doubtful. In terms of the immissions of wood pellet systems, it can be concluded that, even for extremely unfavorable meteorological conditions, the regulatory limits are not exceeded and the heating systems have a negligible influence on the total PM load in the ambient air. heating systems; life cycle assessment; immissions; particulate matter; dispersion calculation 3 2009 1 8 Sustainability 1 21 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/494/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/494/ text/html Johannes Henkel johannes.henkel@tu-berlin.de Berlin University of Technology, Department of Energy Systems, Einsteinufer 25 (TA 8), 10587 Berlin, Germany Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Division 1: Technology for Energy Systems and Renewable Energy, Walther-Meissner-Str. 6, 85748 Garching, Germany Technical University of Munich, Institute for Energy Systems, Boltzmann Str. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany Robert Kunde kunde@muc.zae-bayern.de Berlin University of Technology, Department of Energy Systems, Einsteinufer 25 (TA 8), 10587 Berlin, Germany Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Division 1: Technology for Energy Systems and Renewable Energy, Walther-Meissner-Str. 6, 85748 Garching, Germany Technical University of Munich, Institute for Energy Systems, Boltzmann Str. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany Matthias Gaderer gaderer@tum.de Berlin University of Technology, Department of Energy Systems, Einsteinufer 25 (TA 8), 10587 Berlin, Germany Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Division 1: Technology for Energy Systems and Renewable Energy, Walther-Meissner-Str. 6, 85748 Garching, Germany Technical University of Munich, Institute for Energy Systems, Boltzmann Str. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany Georg Erdmann georg.erdmann@tu-berlin.de Berlin University of Technology, Department of Energy Systems, Einsteinufer 25 (TA 8), 10587 Berlin, Germany Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Division 1: Technology for Energy Systems and Renewable Energy, Walther-Meissner-Str. 6, 85748 Garching, Germany Technical University of Munich, Institute for Energy Systems, Boltzmann Str. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-17:d:65232010-10-15RePEc

article The interaction between economic integration and environmental policy has become an important issue in the last few years. Despite the considerable scholarly attention this topic attracted, actual government responses in terms of environmental policy outputs remain largely untouched by both theoretical and empirical work. To fill this gap, we suggest a theory-based disaggregation of the compound variable economic integration for deriving more precise expectations on its differential impact on environmental policy arrangements. In doing so, we show that economic integration may indeed trigger the promulgation of more demanding environmental regulations. To illustrate our arguments empirically, we analyze the development of Turkish clean air policy between 1975 and 2005. international economic integration; government policy; environment and trade; sustainable development; Turkey; clean air policies 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1305/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1305/ text/html Jale Tosun Jale.Tosun@uni-konstanz.de Department of Politics & Management, University of Konstanz, Fach D 91, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany Christoph Knill Christoph.Knill@uni-konstanz.de Department of Politics & Management, University of Konstanz, Fach D 91, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:1:p:1-18:d:74952010-10-15RePEc

article Experimental and empirical evidence shows that the utility an individual derives from a certain state depends on the reference state she compares it to. According to economic theory, the reference state is determined by past, present and future outcomes of either the individual herself or her reference group. The experiment described in this paper suggests that, in addition, reference states depend to a significant degree on environmental factors not relevant for outcomes. It indicates that reference states - and hence utility - can relatively easily be influenced without changing people’s outcomes, e.g., through priming. reference state; utility; prospect theory; manipulation; priming; experiment 1 2010 1 3 Games 1 18 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/1/34/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/1/34/ text/html Astrid Matthey matthey@econ.mpg.de Max-Planck-Institute of Economics, Kahlaische Str. 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-19:d:67812010-10-15RePEc

article Survey responses of producers and institutional buyers in northeastern Kansas (United States) were analyzed to understand barriers and opportunities for sustainable food systems in the region where their emergence has been limited. Producers and buyers identified barriers previously noted regarding mismatches of available quantities and prices. Producers’ enthusiasm to supply locally exceeded buyers’ interest to source locally. Transportation was identified as one of the major concerns by producers, and their responses to choice tasks revealed producers’ preferences to sell locally while pricing their products to secure sales revenue and to cover their logistics expenses at least partially. barriers; choice tasks; farm-to-institution; survey; sustainable food systems; Great Plains 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 19 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/232/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/232/ text/html Hikaru Hanawa Peterson hhp@ksu.edu Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA Theresa Selfa tselfa@ksu.edu Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA Rhonda Janke rrjanke@ksu.edu Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:8:p:1-23:d:93372010-10-15RePEc

article The largest city in Benin, West Africa (Cotonou), is reliant upon groundwater for its public water supply. This groundwater is derived from the Godomey well field which is located approximately 5 Km north of the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and in close proximity to Lake Nokoue—a shallow lake containing water with elevated concentration of chloride and other elements. Historical data indicate increased chloride concentration in a number of wells nearest to the lake, with unknown contribution from groundwater encroachment from the coastal area. Hence, there is substantial interest in better characterizing this groundwater system for the purpose of determining appropriate management practices and degree of sustainability. Among the efforts attempted to date are a series of numerical models ranging from assessment of flow to a recent effort to include density-dependent transport from the lake. In addition, substantial field characterization has been pursued including assessment of shallow water chemistry along the region of the coastal lagoon and border of the lake, characterization of hydraulic response to pumpage in the aquifer system, estimation of the distribution of electrical resistivity with depth along the coastal lagoons, and installation of multi-level piezometers at seven locations in the lake. When integrated across methods, these numerical and field results indicate that the lake remains a primary concern in terms of a source of salinity in the aquifer. Further, the coastal region appears to be more complex than previously suggested and may represent a future source of salt-water encroachment as suggested by current presence of saline waters at relatively shallow depths along the coast. Finally, hydraulic testing suggests that both natural and pumping-based fluctuations in water levels are present in this system. Substantial additional characterization and modeling efforts may provide a significantly greater understanding of the behavior of this complex groundwater system and, thereby, an improved ability to manage the potential for negative impacts from salt-water and anthropogenic contaminants entering this sole source of fresh water for southern Benin. groundwater; coastal hydrology; numerical modeling; field characterization; hydraulics; salt-water intrusion 8 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 23 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2652/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2652/ text/html Stephen E. Silliman silliman.1@nd.edu Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Danish Water Engineering, Svend Gønges vej 19, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark Département des Sciences de la Terre, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01BP526, Contonou, Benin; France Brian I. Borum Bip@waterengineering.dk Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Danish Water Engineering, Svend Gønges vej 19, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark Département des Sciences de la Terre, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01BP526, Contonou, Benin; France Moussa Boukari moussaboukari2003@yahoo.fr Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Danish Water Engineering, Svend Gønges vej 19, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark Département des Sciences de la Terre, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01BP526, Contonou, Benin; France Nicaise Yalo yalonicaise@yahoo.fr Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Danish Water Engineering, Svend Gønges vej 19, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark Département des Sciences de la Terre, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01BP526, Contonou, Benin; France Salifou Orou-Pete orpealsa@yahoo.fr Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Danish Water Engineering, Svend Gønges vej 19, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark Département des Sciences de la Terre, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01BP526, Contonou, Benin; France Daniel McInnis dmcinnis@nd.edu Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Danish Water Engineering, Svend Gønges vej 19, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark Département des Sciences de la Terre, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01BP526, Contonou, Benin; France Chrstyn Fertenbaugh cfertenb@nd.edu Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Danish Water Engineering, Svend Gønges vej 19, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark Département des Sciences de la Terre, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01BP526, Contonou, Benin; France Andrew D. Mullen amullen1@nd.edu Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Danish Water Engineering, Svend Gønges vej 19, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark Département des Sciences de la Terre, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 01BP526, Contonou, Benin; France

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-25:d:90112010-10-15RePEc

article The relationship between various planning-ideas and sustainability is described, using a dedicated multi-agent model and demonstrated by a case study. The analysis supports planning based on preferences and behavior of a target population. Two objectives are addressed: (1) Examine the effect of different planning ideas-scenarios on the development of the built-environment and, in particular, how different planning scenarios can contribute to a sustainable built environment, and (2) Demonstrate the relevancy of the multi-agent model as a tool for planning and evaluating planning alternatives. Four planning scenarios are included and three performance indicators measuring aspects of sustainability (accessibility, mobility, and viability) are employed in the analysis. urban planning; urban form; planning ideas; sustainable environment; planning tool; planning evaluation 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2253/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2253/ text/html Rachel Katoshevski-Cavari krachel@bgu.ac.il Urban Planning, P.O. Box 4045, Omer 84965, Israel Technical University Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands Theo Arentze T.A.Arentze@tue.nl Urban Planning, P.O. Box 4045, Omer 84965, Israel Technical University Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands Harry Timmermans H.J.P.Timmermans@tue.nl Urban Planning, P.O. Box 4045, Omer 84965, Israel Technical University Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-22:d:90272010-10-15RePEc

article This paper explores varieties and examples of discourses of consumption, focusing primarily on US-American cultural discourses. The international community has in recent years developed an extremely valuable body of literature examining strategies for facilitating sustainable consumption; economic ramifications of varying consumption behaviors; attitudes and social structures that encourage or discourage sustainable consumption; approaches to consumption as a component of a sustainable or “green” lifestyle; and considerations of consumption practices in relation to inequities between North and South. The United States has made relatively few contributions to this body of literature thus far. But although the U.S. has not been one of the primary sources of academic literature on sustainable consumption, several types of discourses on consumption have become prominent in U.S. popular culture. These types of discourses include examinations of the moral status of consumption; investigations of the environmental or health consequences of modern consumption behaviors; explorations and critiques of green consumerism; and discourses that either construct or critique the commodification of the nonhuman world to produce objects for consumption. Throughout this paper I outline and offer examples of these strains of popular discourse, drawing on a newly-emerging body of U.S. literature and critically analyzing instances of discourse about sustainable consumption in film, television, internet, and print media. I conclude by examining new perspectives on sustainable coexistence that offer transformative possibilities for establishing relationships with the more-than-human world that are not based primarily on consumption. sustainable consumption; environmental discourse; green consumerism; critical discourse analysis 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 22 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2279/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2279/ text/html Rita Turner rita.turner@umbc.edu Language, Literacy, and Culture Program, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 421 Academic IV, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-24:d:71322010-10-15RePEc

article This paper examines sustainability transition dynamics in the US electricity system, drawing on the socio-technical systems approach. We view system change as unfolding along several critical dimensions and geographical scales, including dynamics in the environment, science, civil society, discourse, and state regulatory institutions, as well as in capital and technology formations. A particular emphasis is given to the interaction of discourses, policy networks, and institutions. We trace four distinct regimes which have characterized the evolution of this discourse-network-institutional nexus over the last century. The research examines dynamics that present a challenge to the incumbent energy regime based on fossil fuels, nuclear and hydropower, and demonstrates how the actor-network supporting renewables and energy efficiency has grown stronger and more capable of moving toward a sustainability transition than at any time since the sustainable energy movement began a generation ago. socio-technical systems; sustainability transition; technological change; electricity systems; energy policy 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 24 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/551/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/551/ text/html Scott Jiusto sjiusto@wpi.edu Interdisciplinary and Global Studies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609-2280, USA Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA Stephen McCauley smccauley@clarku.edu Interdisciplinary and Global Studies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609-2280, USA Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:2:p:1-13:d:82442010-10-15RePEc

article I study the speed of the evolutionary process on small heterogeneous graphs using the Hawk-Dove game. The graphs are based on empirical observation data of grooming interactions in 81 primate groups. Analytic results for the star graph have revealed that irregular graphs can slow down the evolutionary process by increasing the mean time to absorption. Here I show that the same effects can be found for graphs representing natural animal populations which are much less heterogeneous than star graphs. Degree variance has proven to be a good predictor for the mean time to absorption also for these graphs. evolutionary game theory; heterogeneity; games on graphs 2 2010 1 5 Games 1 13 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/2/103/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/2/103/ text/html Bernhard Voelkl bernhard.voelkl@c-strasbourg.fr Ethologie des Primates, DEPE, (UMR 7178), CNRS – Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-19:d:89082010-10-15RePEc

article Land degradation is recognized as one of the major threats to the buffer zones of protected areas (PAs) in Vietnam. In particular, the expansion of land degradation into the PAs is exerting pressure on biodiversity conservation efforts. This degradation is partially the result of mismanagement: the utilization of the land is often unmatched with the inherent suitability of the land. Identification of the spatial distribution of suitable areas for cropland is essential for sustainable land-use recommendation. This paper aims to delineate the areas suitable for cropland in the Tam Dao National Park (TDNP) region using a GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation of biophysical factors and Landsat ETM+ imagery. GIS is used to generate the factors, while MCE is used to aggregate them into a land suitability index. The results indicate the location and extent of crop farming areas at different suitability levels, <em>i.e</em>., most suitable (28.10%), moderately suitable (23.96%), marginally suitable (28.77%), and least suitable (19.17%). The current cropland covers 46.5% of the study area, while most and moderately suitable areas are estimated to be 52.06% of the territory. The results can be used to identify priority areas for crop farming and sustainable land-use management. The GIS-MCE approach provides an effective assessment tool for land-use managers working in protected areas of Vietnam. land suitability analysis; multi-criteria evaluation; analytical hierarchy process; fuzzy set; Vietnam 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 19 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2024/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2024/ text/html Duong Dang Khoi khoi_tn@yahoo.com Division of Spatial Information Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan Yuji Murayama mura1@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp Division of Spatial Information Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:3:p:1-14:d:74292010-10-15RePEc

article Farm viability poses a grave challenge to the sustainability of agriculture and food systems: the number of acres in production continues to decline as the majority of farms earn negative net income. Two related and often overlapping marketing strategies, (i) locally grown foods and (ii) distribution at farmers markets, can directly enhance food system sustainability by improving farm profitability and long-term viability, as well as contributing to an array of ancillary benefits. We present results of a representative Michigan telephone survey, which measured consumers’ perceptions and behaviors around local foods and farmers markets. We discuss the implications of our findings on greater farm profitability. We conclude with suggestions for future research to enhance the contributions of locally grown foods and farmers markets to overall food system sustainability. Michigan; Probit analysis; marketing strategies 3 2010 2 3 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/742/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/742/ text/html David Conner connerd@msu.edu C.S. Mott Group for Sustainable Food Systems, Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 131 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, 202 Agriculture Hall, East Lansing MI 48824, USA Kathryn Colasanti colokat@msu.edu C.S. Mott Group for Sustainable Food Systems, Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 131 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, 202 Agriculture Hall, East Lansing MI 48824, USA R. Brent Ross rross@msu.edu C.S. Mott Group for Sustainable Food Systems, Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 131 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, 202 Agriculture Hall, East Lansing MI 48824, USA Susan B. Smalley smalley3@msu.edu C.S. Mott Group for Sustainable Food Systems, Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies, Michigan State University, 131 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, 202 Agriculture Hall, East Lansing MI 48824, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-17:d:65262010-10-15RePEc

article The purpose of this study is to provide an integrated analysis of water distribution on Maui and the cross-sectoral impacts of policies and regulations aimed at rejuvenating and sustaining the deep-rooted culture on the island. Since the water diversion system was implemented in 1876 on the island of Maui, there has been contention among local interest groups over the right way to manage and allocate this precious resource. There is also concern over the availability of the precious resource in the long term, as the demand for water is expected to exceed the potential supply of water on Maui by 2020. This paper analyzes various long run scenarios of policy options presently being discussed on Maui. By collaborating with local experts, business leaders, and community members, to develop a tool that facilitates policy formulation and evaluation, informed decisions can then be made by the local community to ensure sustainable development. Maui; water supply; integrated modeling; system dynamics; water treatment; water management; sustainability; community development; strategies and policies 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1331/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1331/ text/html Andrea M. Bassi ab@millennium-institute.org Millennium Institute, 2111 Wilson Blvd, Suite 700, Arlington, VA 22201, USA Maui Economic Development Board, 1305 N. Holopono St, Kihei, HI 96753, USA McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T5, Canada John Harrisson john@medb.org Millennium Institute, 2111 Wilson Blvd, Suite 700, Arlington, VA 22201, USA Maui Economic Development Board, 1305 N. Holopono St, Kihei, HI 96753, USA McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T5, Canada Rushil S. Mistry rm@millennium-institute.org Millennium Institute, 2111 Wilson Blvd, Suite 700, Arlington, VA 22201, USA Maui Economic Development Board, 1305 N. Holopono St, Kihei, HI 96753, USA McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T5, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-6:d:45062010-10-15RePEc

article On 13 July 2007, Governor Charlie Crist of Florida signed executive orders to establish greenhouse gas emission targets that required an 80 percent reduction below 1990 levels by the year 2050. Florida is a very high-risk state with regard to climate change. Its 1,350-mile-long coastline, location in "Hurricane Alley," reliance on coral reefs and other vulnerable natural resources for its economy, and the predictions that state population could double in the next 30 years all contribute to this designation of "high-risk. As a consequence of the potential economic and ecological impacts of climate change to Florida, a series of Action Teams were created to plan for adaptation to impending environmental changes. As the 26th largest emitter of carbon dioxide on a global scale, Florida needs to act aggressively to create a clean energy footprint as part of its statewide initiatives but with global impacts. This case study examines the process and expected outcomes undertaken by a regional government that anticipates the need for stringent adaptation. Climate change; Florida; adaptation; regional government; environmental policy 2 2009 1 4 Sustainability 1 6 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/97/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/97/ text/html Margaret Lowman canopymeg@gmail.com Director of Environmental Initiatives, New College of Florida and Climate Change Advisor to the Florida CFO, 5800 Bayshore Road, Sarasota FL 34243, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-23:d:84592010-10-15RePEc

article The paper deals with analyses and propositions for adaptive governance of an alpine (A) and an Ethiopian (B) agropastoral system with common-pool pastures. Sustainability can be enhanced by augmenting (i) the ecological and social capitals in relation to costs and (ii) the resilience or adaptive capacity. In (A), a multifunctional agriculture appears to maintain the ecological capital providing many ecosystem services. In (B), the ecological capital can be increased by reversing the trend towards land degradation. In (A), there are several opportunities for reducing the high costs of the social capital. In (B), the institutions should be revised and rules should restrain competitive behavior. (A) and (B) exhibit a high degree of transformability. Many drivers appear to be responsible for the cycling of the agropastoral and higher level systems vulnerable to multiple stressors. Measures are proposed to escape from possible rigidity (A) and poverty (B) traps. sustainability; adaptive governance; ecosystem services; ecological and social capital; bioeconomic models; panarchy 6 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 23 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1448/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1448/ text/html Johann Baumgärtner johann.baumgartner@unimi.it Dipartimento di Protezione di Sistemi Urbani Agroalimentari e Valorizzazione delle Biodiversità, Università degli Studi di Milano,Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy Centre for the Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CASAS), Arlington Avenue 37, Kensington, CA 94707, USA Yeha Natural Resource Management Institute for Eastern Africa, P.O. Box 3893, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali (GESAF), Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89122 Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria, Italy Getachew Tikubet bea@ethionet.et Dipartimento di Protezione di Sistemi Urbani Agroalimentari e Valorizzazione delle Biodiversità, Università degli Studi di Milano,Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy Centre for the Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CASAS), Arlington Avenue 37, Kensington, CA 94707, USA Yeha Natural Resource Management Institute for Eastern Africa, P.O. Box 3893, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali (GESAF), Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89122 Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria, Italy Gianni Gilioli gianni.gilioli@tin.it Dipartimento di Protezione di Sistemi Urbani Agroalimentari e Valorizzazione delle Biodiversità, Università degli Studi di Milano,Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy Centre for the Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CASAS), Arlington Avenue 37, Kensington, CA 94707, USA Yeha Natural Resource Management Institute for Eastern Africa, P.O. Box 3893, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali (GESAF), Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89122 Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria, Italy

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-23:d:95552010-10-15RePEc

article Understanding sustainability engages multiple views in a wide spectrum of technological, social and political positions. Over the last two decades it appears that an evolutionary process reflects a changing sustainability paradigm. At the basis of this changing paradigm remain strong principles of dematerialization, reflected in cuts in natural resource consumption, changing pathways to overcome lock-ins, mastering the art of economic innovation with ecological principles. This may engage new consumption attitudes and behavior. This review paper adopts a holistic and integrated sustainability perspective, suggesting a mix-and-match approach to engage more context specific designs for sustainability to look into principles of consumption behavior and people’s motivation in choosing their lifestyle. sustainability; lifestyles; consumer behavior 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 23 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2849/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2849/ text/html Maria R. Partidario mrp@civil.ist.utl.pt IST-DECivil e Arquitectura, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal Gustavo Vicente gvicente@civil.ist.utl.pt IST-DECivil e Arquitectura, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal Constança Belchior constanca.belchior@ist.utl.pt IST-DECivil e Arquitectura, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-17:d:77912010-10-15RePEc

article This manuscript uses data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to analyze the potential for energy recovery from wastewater treatment plants via anaerobic digestion with biogas utilization and biosolids incineration with electricity generation. These energy recovery strategies could help offset the electricity consumption of the wastewater sector and represent possible areas for sustainable energy policy implementation. We estimate that anaerobic digestion could save 628 to 4,940 million kWh annually in the United States. In Texas, anaerobic digestion could save 40.2 to 460 million kWh annually and biosolids incineration could save 51.9 to 1,030 million kWh annually. wastewater; energy; biogas; biosolids incineration; energy recovery; policy 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/945/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/945/ text/html Ashlynn S. Stillwell ashlynn.stillwell@mail.utexas.edu Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1786, Austin, TX 78712, USA Climate Change Policy Partnership, Duke University, Box 90335, Durham, NC 27708, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C2200, Austin, TX 78712, USA David C. Hoppock david.hoppock@duke.edu Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1786, Austin, TX 78712, USA Climate Change Policy Partnership, Duke University, Box 90335, Durham, NC 27708, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C2200, Austin, TX 78712, USA Michael E. Webber webber@mail.utexas.edu Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1786, Austin, TX 78712, USA Climate Change Policy Partnership, Duke University, Box 90335, Durham, NC 27708, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C2200, Austin, TX 78712, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-22:d:95992010-10-15RePEc

article By the terms set by international agreements for the conservation of Yukon River salmon, 2009 was a management success. It was a devastating year for many of the Alaska Native communities along the Yukon River, however, especially in up-river communities, where subsistence fishing was closed in order to meet international conservation goals for Chinook salmon. By the end of summer, the smokehouses and freezers of many Alaska Native families remained empty, and Alaska’s Governor Sean Parnell petitioned the US Federal Government to declare a fisheries disaster. This paper reviews the social and ecological dimensions of salmon management in 2009 in an effort to reconcile these differing views regarding success, and the apparently-competing goals of salmon conservation and food security. We report local observations of changes in the Chinook salmon fishery, as well as local descriptions of the impacts of fishing closures on the food system. Three categories of concern emerge from our interviews with rural Alaskan participants in the fishery and with federal and state agency managers: social and ecological impacts of closures; concerns regarding changes to spawning grounds; and a lack of confidence in current management methods and technologies. We show how a breakdown in observation of the Yukon River system undermines effective adaptive management and discuss how sector-based, species-by-species management undermines a goal of food security and contributes to the differential distribution of impacts for communities down and up river. We conclude with a discussion of the merits of a food system and ecosystem-based approach to management, and note existing jurisdictional and paradigmatic challenges to the implementation of such an approach in Alaska. salmon; Yukon River; food security; pacific salmon treaty; escapement; ecosystem-based management 9 2010 2 9 Sustainability 1 22 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2965/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2965/ text/html Philip A Loring ploring@alaska.edu Center for Cross Cultural Studies, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 756730, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 755910, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Craig Gerlach scgerlach@alaska.edu Center for Cross Cultural Studies, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 756730, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 755910, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:6:p:1-22:d:87022010-10-15RePEc

article There is widespread acceptance that the absence or presence of infrastructure and services in rural areas can lead to cycles of decline or resilience in these localities. It is also accepted that in remoter areas, population sparsity leads to a higher unit cost for delivery of services and infrastructure, and that private sector providers do not find such areas attractive for investment. At the same time, there is a reduction in spending capability within the public sector due to the significant impact of economic crisis on their resource base, affecting provision of services. How are these seemingly intractable challenges being addressed? Using an interpretive policy analysis approach [1] and narrative tools, the storyline of policy statements, approaches and policies in Scotland is presented and discussed, within a wider European setting. This is complemented by a brief presentation of public-private and third sector initiatives in response to service and infrastructure challenges in rural Scotland. The paper concludes with the argument that we are facing two alternatives—the current “hot spots” and “not spots” pattern of provision, where the fittest survive, or further shifts towards strategic, cross-sectoral investment which gives scope for more cohesive development for rural communities. rural services; Scotland; community resilience; interpretive policy analysis; narrative analysis 6 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 22 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1719/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/6/1719/ text/html Sarah Skerratt sarah.skerratt@sac.ac.uk Rural Society Research, Scottish Agricultural College, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-17:d:88182010-10-15RePEc

article The aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between identity work for environmental responsibility and sustainable development in relation to an ecological master frame. The material is based on a case study with Swedish householders and focusses on the interviewees identity work in relation to specific and detailed environmentally friendly activities. The argument put forth is that individuals construct what is possible and reasonable by identifying themselves in relation to the multitude of others and by doing certain activities. The conclusions suggest that the householders consider themselves to have a responsibility for the environment, but that they do enough by performing specific activities such as recycling. Thereby the study shows how the individuals present their own ideas and actions in relation to an ecological master frame. environmental responsibility; framing device; Sweden; household; ecological master frame 7 2010 2 6 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1869/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/1869/ text/html Karin Skill karin.skill@liu.se Department of Thematic Studies—Technology and Social Change, University of Linköping, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden The authors have contributed equally to the writing of this paper. Per Gyberg per.gyberg@liu.se Department of Thematic Studies—Technology and Social Change, University of Linköping, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden The authors have contributed equally to the writing of this paper.

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:1:p:1-4:d:42412010-10-15RePEc

article Sustainability, as a new platform for debating sustainable development, drawing on a range of disciplinary perspectives and knowledges, provides an opportunity to ask some searching questions about this concept. This short paper seeks to remind ourselves of some of the questions we might ask (recognizing that there are also many others). It asks, in particular, about the organisation of work in contemporary societies and the sorts of relations to nature to which this gives rise; the sorts of knowledges which may help us to become more sustainable in our use of natural resources; the most useful modes of knowledge organization, transfer and dissemination for sustainability; and whether ‘sustainability’ is only or primarily about sustaining nature, or whether it must also include trying to create and sustain a certain kind of society. Work-nature relations; knowledge for sustainability; democratic participation 1 2009 1 3 Sustainability 1 4 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/14/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/1/14/ text/html Hilary Tovey htovey@tcd.ie School of Social Sciences and Philosophy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:4:p:1-13:d:97842010-10-15RePEc

article It is well-known that in finite strategic games true common belief (or common knowledge) of rationality implies that the players will choose only strategies that survive the iterated elimination of strictly dominated strategies. We establish a general theorem that deals with monotonic rationality notions and arbitrary strategic games and allows to strengthen the above result to arbitrary games, other rationality notions, and transfinite iterations of the elimination process. We also clarify what conclusions one can draw for the customary dominance notions that are not monotonic. The main tool is Tarski’s Fixpoint Theorem. true common beliefs; arbitrary games; monotonicity; Tarski’s Fixpoint Theorem 4 2010 1 10 Games 1 13 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/4/381/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/4/381/ text/html Krzysztof R. Apt apt@cwi.nl Centrum for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 123, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands Oxford University, Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK Jonathan A. Zvesper Centrum for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 123, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands Oxford University, Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-17:d:60812010-10-15RePEc

article Different transport stakeholders have different needs for transport infrastructure and services. Meeting the needs of all stakeholders implies a trade-off of benefits and costs between supply and demand and creates transport diversity issues. However, the literature has largely ignored these issues. Transport diversity can assess the level to which important needs are satisfied equitably, and monitor whether transportation systems are moving towards sustainability by confirming the targets and basic level of quality of life. Based on the concept of transport diversity, this study utilizes fuzzy multi-objective programming to solve non-linear multi-objective problems involving urban public transit systems to determine the impact of resource allocation on needs satisfaction in relation to stakeholder behaviors. The proposed approach avoids problems of inefficient and inequitable resource allocation. A real-life case is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of applying the proposed methodology. Furthermore, empirical outcomes show that recent investments allocated to public transit systems considered equitable stakeholder satisfaction for both mass rapid transit (MRT) and bus, and also promoted transport diversity in the Taipei metropolitan area. sustainability; transport diversity; resource allocation; fuzzy multi-objective programming 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/960/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/960/ text/html Cheng-Min Feng cmfeng@mail.nctu.edu.tw Institute of Traffic & Transportation, National Chiao Tung University / 4F, 118, Sec. 1, Chung-Hsiao W. Rd., Taipei 10044, Taiwan Cheng-Hsien Hsieh blueinn.hsieh@msa.hinet.net Institute of Traffic & Transportation, National Chiao Tung University / 4F, 118, Sec. 1, Chung-Hsiao W. Rd., Taipei 10044, Taiwan

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-22:d:83902010-10-15RePEc

article We outline a path to sustainable development that would give future generations the chance to be as well-off as their predecessors without running out of natural resources, especially metals. To this end, we have to consider three key resources: (1) the geosphere or primary resources, (2) the technosphere or secondary resources, which can be recycled and (3) human ingenuity and creativity. We have two resource extremes: natural resources which are completely consumed (fossil fuels) <em>versus </em>natural resources (metals) which are wholly recyclable and can be used again. Metals survive use and are merely transferred from the geosphere to the technosphere. There will, however, always be a need for contributions from the geosphere to offset inevitable metal losses in the technosphere. But we do have a choice. We do not need raw materials as such, only the intrinsic property of a material that enables it to fulfil a function. At the time when consumption starts to level off, chances improve of obtaining most of the material for our industrial requirements from the technosphere. Then a favorable supply equilibrium can emerge. Essential conditions for taking advantage of this opportunity: affordable energy and ingenuity to find new solutions for functions, to optimize processes and to minimize losses in the technosphere. non-renewable resources; metals; fulfillment of functions; technosphere; geosphere; ingenuity; renewable energy 5 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 22 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1408/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1408/ text/html Volker Steinbach volker.steinbach@bgr.de Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany Neue Sachlichkeit 32, D-30655 Hannover, Germany Friedrich-W. Wellmer fwellmer@t-online.de Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany Neue Sachlichkeit 32, D-30655 Hannover, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-19:d:68302010-10-15RePEc

article Measuring the comparative sustainability levels of cities, regions, institutions and projects is an essential procedure in creating sustainable urban futures. This paper introduces a new urban sustainability assessment model: “The Sustainable Infrastructure, Land-use, Environment and Transport Model (SILENT)”. The SILENT Model is an advanced geographic information system and indicator-based comparative urban sustainability indexing model. The model aims to assist planners and policy makers in their daily tasks in sustainable urban planning and development by providing an integrated sustainability assessment framework. The paper gives an overview of the conceptual framework and components of the model and discusses the theoretical constructs, methodological procedures, and future development of this promising urban sustainability assessment model. sustainable urban development; urban sustainability; urban sustainability assessment; indicator-based sustainability assessment; sustainability indicators; sustainability indexing model 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 19 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/321/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/321/ text/html Tan Yigitcanlar tan.yigitcanlar@qut.edu.au School of Urban Development, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia Fatih Dur f.dur@qut.edu.au School of Urban Development, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-25:d:64632010-10-15RePEc

article In the early 1990s the countries of Central Asia started their transformation to a market economy. Uzbekistan is in the throes of change and facing a huge restructuring task and a need to improve governance. Decades of central bureaucratic allocation of natural resources left national bureaucrats with little capacity to formulate their own sustainable policies. Lack of inclusive, long term oriented policies and mechanisms in management of common pool resources brought catastrophic results in the past. The study reveals that implanting a top-down quota policy has positive effects on a larger public. However it may become a threat to the long term environmental sustainability. water management; governance; stakeholder analysis; Central Asia; Uzbekistan 4 2009 1 12 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1240/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/1240/ text/html Munira Aminova munira.aminova@vub.ac.be Faculty of Economics, Social and Political Sciences and the Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Center for Development Research–ZEF, Department of Political and Cultural Change, Walter Flex Str. 3 Bonn, D-53113, Germany Iskandar Abdullayev i.abdullaev@uni-bonn.de Faculty of Economics, Social and Political Sciences and the Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Center for Development Research–ZEF, Department of Political and Cultural Change, Walter Flex Str. 3 Bonn, D-53113, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:2:p:1-22:d:79532010-10-15RePEc

article We study the recursive core introduced in Huang and Sjöström [8]. In general partition function form games, the recursive core coalition structure may be either coarser or finer than the one that maximizes the social surplus. Moreover, the recursive core structure is typically different from the one predicted by the α-core. We fully implement the recursive core for general games, including non-superadditive games where the grand coalition does not form in equilibrium. We do not put any restrictions, such as stationarity, on strategies. coalition formation; non-cooperative implementation; partition function; recursive core 2 2010 1 4 Games 1 22 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/2/66/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/2/66/ text/html Chen-Ying Huang Department of Economics, National Taiwan University, 21 Hsu-Chow Road, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Economics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J. 08901, USA Tomas Sjöström tsjostrom@economics.rutgers.edu Department of Economics, National Taiwan University, 21 Hsu-Chow Road, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Economics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J. 08901, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:3:p:1-12:d:94732010-10-15RePEc

article A set of coalition structures <em>P</em> is farsightedly stable (i) if all possible deviations from any coalition structure p belonging to <em>P</em> to a coalition structure outside <em>P</em> are deterred by the threat of ending worse off or equally well off, (ii) if there exists a farsighted improvingpath from any coalition structure outside the set leading to some coalition structure in the set, and (iii) if there is no proper subset of <em>P</em> satisfying the first two conditions. A non-empty farsightedly stable set always exists. We provide a characterization of unique farsightedly stable sets of coalition structures and we study the relationship between farsighted stability and other concepts such as the largest consistent set and the von Neumann-Morgenstern farsightedly stable set. Finally, we illustrate our results by means of coalition formation games with positive spillovers. coalition formation; farsighted players; stability 3 2010 1 9 Games 1 12 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/286/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/3/286/ text/html P. Jean-Jacques Herings p.herings@maastrichtuniversity.nl Department of Economics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands FNRS and CEREC, Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 43 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, 1000 Brussels, Belgium FNRS and CORE, Université catholique de Louvain, 34 voie du Roman Pays, 134 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Ana Mauleon mauleon@fusl.ac.be Department of Economics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands FNRS and CEREC, Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 43 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, 1000 Brussels, Belgium FNRS and CORE, Université catholique de Louvain, 34 voie du Roman Pays, 134 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Vincent Vannetelbosch vincent.vannetelbosch@uclouvain.be Department of Economics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands FNRS and CEREC, Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 43 Boulevard du Jardin Botanique, 1000 Brussels, Belgium FNRS and CORE, Université catholique de Louvain, 34 voie du Roman Pays, 134 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-18:d:70692010-10-15RePEc

article This article discusses the strategies that sustainable entrepreneurs use to interact with their environment in the Dutch construction industry. The Dutch construction industry is under great pressure to move towards sustainability, and entrepreneurs are believed to be able to play a large role in this transition by introducing new products and new business practices. But how can entrepreneurs prosper in an environment that is not geared up towards such a change? And which strategies do they use to bend conditions in their favor? In this article we make use of the Market and System Failure Framework to analyze the pressures that entrepreneurs are confronted with when introducing sustainable innovations. We recognize that these pressures can be seen as bottlenecks, but that market and system failures can also create entrepreneurial opportunities. We interviewed 16 entrepreneurs in the Dutch construction industry to determine the influences they experienced from their environment and the strategies they use to deal with these. We conclude that we can distinguish between system building and following entrepreneurs, where the former aims to build a new system to challenge the old one, whereas the latter rather makes use of existing structures to build a business. We find that both strategies can be successful and that overall, the entrepreneurs confirm the belief that sustainability on people, planet and transparency aspects, can contribute very well to the long term profitability of the businesses the entrepreneurs are running. These in-depth insights into the influences from the context on the one hand, and the entrepreneurs’ strategic reactions on the other hand, contribute to our understanding of the interactions between entrepreneurs and the system context. This can help us to more effectively stimulate and support innovating entrepreneurs to contribute to the transition towards sustainability. entrepreneurship; innovation systems; transitions; sustainability; construction sector 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/505/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/505/ text/html Rosalinde J.A. Klein Woolthuis rkleinwoolthuis@yahoo.com Department of Management and Organisation Business Studies, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Van Mourik Broekmanweg 6, 2628 XE, Delft, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-27:d:57862010-10-15RePEc

article Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one of various management tools for evaluating environmental concerns. This paper reviews LCA from a buildings perspective. It highlights the need for its use within the building sector, and the importance of LCA as a decision making support tool. It discusses LCA methodologies and applications within the building sector, reviewing some of the life-cycle studies applied to buildings or building materials and component combinations within the last fifteen years in Europe and the United States. It highlights the problems of a lack of an internationally comparable and agreed data inventory and assessment methodology which hinder the application of LCA within the building industry. It identifies key areas for future research as (i) the whole process of construction, (ii) the relative weighting of different environmental impacts and (iii) applications in developing countries. life-cycle assessment; buildings; environment; sustainability 3 2009 1 9 Sustainability 1 27 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/674/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/674/ text/html Mohamad Monkiz Khasreen m.khasreen@hw.ac.uk Heriot Watt University, School of the Built Environment, WA 4.02. EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK Heriot Watt University, School of the Built Environment, EC 1.31. EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK Heriot Watt University, School of the Built Environment, EC 2.29. EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK Phillip F. G. Banfill P.F.G.Banfill@hw.ac.uk Heriot Watt University, School of the Built Environment, WA 4.02. EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK Heriot Watt University, School of the Built Environment, EC 1.31. EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK Heriot Watt University, School of the Built Environment, EC 2.29. EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK Gillian F. Menzies G.F.Menzies@hw.ac.uk Heriot Watt University, School of the Built Environment, WA 4.02. EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK Heriot Watt University, School of the Built Environment, EC 1.31. EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK Heriot Watt University, School of the Built Environment, EC 2.29. EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-29:d:83002010-10-15RePEc

article The state of the art on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is based on the domestic separation of materials produced. After domestic separation, the resident has to transfer the separated materials to the MSW manager through the hands of collection workers. It is exactly at this stage that an end-use product changes its status and property becomes waste. This paper analyzes and compares the opinions and awareness of citizens and kerbside collection workers on this subject by means of two structured questionnaires in the city of Mercato San Severino (about 22,000 people), in Southern Italy. awareness; resident; MSW; opinion; questionnaire; separate collection; worker 5 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 29 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1297/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1297/ text/html Giovanni De Feo g.defeo@unisa.it Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 1–84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy Sabino De Gisi sdegisi@unisa.it Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 1–84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:4:p:1-25:d:77892010-10-15RePEc

article As freshwater is a vital yet often scarce resource, the life cycle assessment community has put great efforts in method development to properly address water use. The International Organization for Standardization has recently even launched a project aiming at creating an international standard for ‘water footprinting’. This paper provides an overview of a broad range of methods developed to enable accounting and impact assessment of water use. The critical review revealed that methodological scopes differ regarding types of water use accounted for, inclusion of local water scarcity, as well as differentiation between watercourses and quality aspects. As the application of the most advanced methods requires high resolution inventory data, the trade-off between ‘precision’ and ‘applicability’ needs to be addressed in future studies and in the new international standard. water use; life cycle assessment; water footprint 4 2010 2 4 Sustainability 1 25 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/919/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/4/919/ text/html Markus Berger markus.berger@tu-berlin.de Department of Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Office Z1, Strasse des 17, Juni 135, 10437 Berlin, Germany Matthias Finkbeiner matthias.finkbeiner@tu-berlin.de Department of Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Office Z1, Strasse des 17, Juni 135, 10437 Berlin, Germany

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2010:i:4:p:1-23:d:97062010-10-15RePEc

article If actors want to reach a particular goal, they are often better off forming collaborative relations and investing together rather than investing separately. We study the coordination and cooperation problems that might hinder successful collaboration in a dynamic network setting. We develop an experiment in which coordination problems are mainly due to finding partners for collaboration, while cooperation problems arise at the investment levels of partners who have already agreed to collaborate. The results show that as costs of forming links increase, groups succeed less often in solving the coordination problem. Still, if subjects are able to solve the coordination problem, they invest in a suboptimal way in the network good. It is mostly found that if cooperation is successful in terms of investment, it is due to subjects being able to monitor how much their partners invest. Moreover, subjects deal better with the coordination and cooperation problems as they gain experience. network formation; coordination; cooperation; experiments; collective goods 4 2010 1 9 Games 1 23 C C7 C70 C71 C72 C73 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/4/357/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4336/1/4/357/ text/html Antonie Knigge a.knigge@uu.nl Department of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands Erasmus School of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Vincent Buskens v.buskens@uu.nl Department of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands Erasmus School of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:3:p:1-24:d:73762010-10-15RePEc

article Mimicking natural processes lead to progressive colonization and stabilization of the reconstructed beach dune ecosystem, as part of the ecologically sustainable development of Magenta Shores, on the central coast of New South Wales, Australia. The retained and enhanced incipient dune formed the first line of storm defence. Placement of fibrous <em>Leptospermum</em> windrows allowed wind blown sand to form crests and swales parallel to the beach. Burial of Spinifex seed head in the moist sand layer achieved primary colonization of the reconstructed dune and development of a soil fungal hyphae network prior to introduction of secondary colonizing species. Monitoring stakes were used as roosts by birds, promoting re-introduction of native plant species requiring germination by digestive tract stimulation. Bush regeneration reduced competition from weeds, allowing native vegetation cover to succeed. On-going weeding and monitoring are essential at Magenta Shores until bitou bush is controlled for the entire length of beach. The reconstructed dunes provide enhanced protection from sand movement and storm bite, for built assets, remnant significant vegetation and sensitive estuarine ecosystems. coastal erosion; revegetation; Spinifex; fungal hyphae; sustainable development; bitou bush 3 2010 2 3 Sustainability 1 24 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/717/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/717/ text/html AnneMarie Clements mail@acabotanic.com Anne Clements and Associates Pty Ltd, P.O. Box 1623, North Sydney 2059, Australia Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia 17 Canton Parade, Noraville, NSW 2263, Australia Tentacle Inc., 2 Henderson Street, Norah Head, NSW 2263, Australia School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Building A10, Science Road, NSW 2006, Australia Australasian Mycological Society, P.O. Box 154, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia Appollonia Simmonds Anne Clements and Associates Pty Ltd, P.O. Box 1623, North Sydney 2059, Australia Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia 17 Canton Parade, Noraville, NSW 2263, Australia Tentacle Inc., 2 Henderson Street, Norah Head, NSW 2263, Australia School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Building A10, Science Road, NSW 2006, Australia Australasian Mycological Society, P.O. Box 154, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia Pamela Hazelton Pam.Hazelton@eng.uts.edu.au Anne Clements and Associates Pty Ltd, P.O. Box 1623, North Sydney 2059, Australia Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia 17 Canton Parade, Noraville, NSW 2263, Australia Tentacle Inc., 2 Henderson Street, Norah Head, NSW 2263, Australia School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Building A10, Science Road, NSW 2006, Australia Australasian Mycological Society, P.O. Box 154, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia Catherine Inwood catecc@bigpond.net.au Anne Clements and Associates Pty Ltd, P.O. Box 1623, North Sydney 2059, Australia Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia 17 Canton Parade, Noraville, NSW 2263, Australia Tentacle Inc., 2 Henderson Street, Norah Head, NSW 2263, Australia School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Building A10, Science Road, NSW 2006, Australia Australasian Mycological Society, P.O. Box 154, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia Christy Woolcock tentacleinc@optusnet.com.au Anne Clements and Associates Pty Ltd, P.O. Box 1623, North Sydney 2059, Australia Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia 17 Canton Parade, Noraville, NSW 2263, Australia Tentacle Inc., 2 Henderson Street, Norah Head, NSW 2263, Australia School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Building A10, Science Road, NSW 2006, Australia Australasian Mycological Society, P.O. Box 154, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia Anne-Laure Markovina amarkovina@bio.usyd.edu.au Anne Clements and Associates Pty Ltd, P.O. Box 1623, North Sydney 2059, Australia Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia 17 Canton Parade, Noraville, NSW 2263, Australia Tentacle Inc., 2 Henderson Street, Norah Head, NSW 2263, Australia School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Building A10, Science Road, NSW 2006, Australia Australasian Mycological Society, P.O. Box 154, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia Pamela O’Sullivan pam@osullivan.com.au Anne Clements and Associates Pty Ltd, P.O. Box 1623, North Sydney 2059, Australia Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia 17 Canton Parade, Noraville, NSW 2263, Australia Tentacle Inc., 2 Henderson Street, Norah Head, NSW 2263, Australia School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Building A10, Science Road, NSW 2006, Australia Australasian Mycological Society, P.O. Box 154, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-14:d:55492010-10-15RePEc

article The following are systematized examples, taken from the general panorama of activities currently being implemented in Spain, of significant experiences and formative strategies of local sustainable development. They correspond to three different intervention areas in education: different levels in the school system, adults training in competence and technical abilities, and community education. They offer a contextualized model of education intervention that contributes to ecological and environmental sustainability, social promotion and productive competitiveness. The experiences described permit, in many cases, changes of life styles and social customs, adjusting them to the requirements of sustainable development; in others, to form new generations for local sustainable development and global sustainability. Although procedures must vary to suit the particular features inherent in each such realm, it is the function of education to tackle first and foremost the training of the intellect, the education of emotions and moral personality, and the acquisition of professional skills. education for sustainable development; environmental education; local development education; educational strategies 3 2009 1 8 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/479/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/479/ text/html María Angeles Murga-Menoyo mmurga@edu.uned.es Unesco Chair in Environmental Education and Sustainable Development; Department of Theory of Education and Social Pedagogy at UNED (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia), the Spanish Open University, Spain

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:3:p:1-14:d:75742010-10-15RePEc

article Traditionally, the Finnish legislation have focused on energy use and especially on energy used for heating space in buildings. However, in many cases this does not lead to the optimal concept in respect to minimizing green house gases. This paper studies how CO₂ emission levels are affected by different measures to reduce energy use in buildings. This paper presents two real apartment buildings with different options of energy efficiency and power sources. The calculations clearly show that in the future electricity and domestic hot water use will have high importance in respect to energy efficiency, and therefore also CO₂ equivalent (eq) emissions. The importance increases when the energy efficiency of the building increases. There are big differences between average Finnish production and individual power plants; CO₂ eq emissions might nearly double depending on the energy source and the power plant type. Both a building with an efficient district heating as a power source, and a building with ground heat in addition to nuclear power electricity as a complimentary electricity source performed very similarly to each other in respect to CO₂ eq emissions. However, it is dangerous to conclude that it is not important which energy source is chosen. If hypothetically, the use of district heating would dramatically drop, the primary energy factor and CO₂ eq emissions from electricity would rise, which in turn would lead to the increase of the ground heat systems emissions. A problem in the yearly calculations is that the fact that it is very important, sometimes even crucial, when energy is needed, is always excluded. energy efficiency; primary energy; building concepts 3 2010 2 3 Sustainability 1 14 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/844/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/3/844/ text/html Miimu Airaksinen miimu.airaksinen@vtt.fi VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland Skanska M&E Finland Oy, P.O. Box 114, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland Pellervo Matilainen pellervo.matilainen@skanska.fi VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland Skanska M&E Finland Oy, P.O. Box 114, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-16:d:59912010-10-15RePEc

article American forest resource management and planning goes back to the European roots of American Forestry. Timber management plans, documents based on forest regulation for timber production, were the foundation of American forestry. These types of management plans predominated until World War II. Multiple use forestry developed after World War II and issues like recreation, wildlife, water quality, and wilderness became more important. In the 1970’s harvest scheduling became part of the planning process, allowing for optimization of multiple goals. By 2001 social, environmental, and economic goals were integrated into the timber production process. American forestry experienced distinct historical periods of resource planning, ranging from classic sustained yield timber production, to multiple use-sustained yield, to sustainable human-forest systems. This article traces the historical changes in forest management planning philosophy using the forest management textbooks of the time. These textbooks provide insight into the thought process of the forestry profession as changes in the concept of sustainability occurred. land use; forest sustainability; sustained yield; sustainable forest management 4 2009 1 10 Sustainability 1 16 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/838/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/838/ text/html Thomas J. Straka tstraka@clemson.edu Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Box 340317, SC 29634-0317, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:1:p:1-17:d:67232010-10-15RePEc

article This paper argues that there are essential features of capitalist modes of production, consumption, and waste dispersal in interaction with the environment and its built-in systemic features that contradict long-term sustainable development. These features include: (a) contradictions in the origin and meaning of sustainability; (b) the central role of the productivity ethic in capitalism and its reproduction in emergent green capitalism; (c) the commodification of nature and the continued promotion of expanding consumption; (d) globalism and the contradictions of continued Western-style development; and (e) the emergence of anthropogenic ecocrises and crises interaction. In light of these barriers to capitalist sustainability, an alternative social narrative is needed, one that embraces values, understandings, and relationships that promote ecological stability and justice. sustainability; development; capitalist modes of production; environmental degradation; barriers to sustainable development; pluralea 1 2010 2 1 Sustainability 1 17 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/127/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/127/ text/html Merrill Singer Merrill.Singer@Uconn.edu Center for Health, Intervention and Prevention (CHIP), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:5:p:1-15:d:83052010-10-15RePEc

article Based upon a review of corporate performance, corporate financial performance and corporate social performance, we propose that the concept of “triple bottom line” (TBL) as “sustainable corporate performance” (SCP) should consist of three measurement elements, namely: (i) financial, (ii) social and (iii) environmental. TBL as SCP is proposed to be derived from the interface between them. We also propose that the content of each of these measurement elements may vary across contexts and over time. Furthermore, TBL as SCR should be interpreted to be a relative concept that is dynamic and iterative. Continuous monitoring needs to be performed, adapting the content of the measurement elements to changes that evolve across contexts and over time in the marketplace and society. TBL as SCP may be seen as a function of time and context. triple bottom line; sustainable corporate performance; corporate social performance; financial performance 5 2010 2 5 Sustainability 1 15 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1345/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/5/1345/ text/html Hasan Fauzi hfauzi2003@gmail.com Faculty of Economics, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutammi 36 A Surakarta 57126, Indonesia Oslo School of Management, P.O. Box 1195 Sentrum, 0107 Oslo, Norway Northern University of Malaysia, UUM Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Kedah 06010, Malaysia Goran Svensson goran.svensson@hh.se Faculty of Economics, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutammi 36 A Surakarta 57126, Indonesia Oslo School of Management, P.O. Box 1195 Sentrum, 0107 Oslo, Norway Northern University of Malaysia, UUM Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Kedah 06010, Malaysia Azhar Abdul Rahman azhar258@uum.edu.my Faculty of Economics, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutammi 36 A Surakarta 57126, Indonesia Oslo School of Management, P.O. Box 1195 Sentrum, 0107 Oslo, Norway Northern University of Malaysia, UUM Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Kedah 06010, Malaysia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:3:p:1-18:d:56822010-10-15RePEc

article This study uses retail purchase data reported by the Nielsen Homescan panel to examine the development of selected U.S. organic food sectors since the implementation of the National Organic Standards. Results show that organic market shares within the fresh fruit and vegetable sectors grew slightly in 2003–2006. Apples, bananas, carrots, and tomatoes prove to have the highest share of organic sales within their sectors. The share of organic milk sales attributed to private labels has increased from 12 to 32 percent in 2004–2007. The organic market share within the strained baby food sector almost doubled from 8 to 15 percent in 2004–2007. Findings show a demographically diverse group of consumers willing to expend their food dollars on organic foods. national organic standards; Nielsen Homescan; fresh fruits and vegetables; produce; milk; baby foods 3 2009 1 9 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/573/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/3/573/ text/html Travis A. Smith tsmith@ers.usda.gov Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1800 M Street NW, Washington, DC, 20036-5831, USA Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, 313-E Conner Hall, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7509, USA Biing-Hwan Lin blin@ers.usda.gov Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1800 M Street NW, Washington, DC, 20036-5831, USA Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, 313-E Conner Hall, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7509, USA Chung L. Huang chuang@uga.edu Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1800 M Street NW, Washington, DC, 20036-5831, USA Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, 313-E Conner Hall, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7509, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:1-19:d:51162010-10-15RePEc

article Options are examined to improve the sustainability of office partition manufacturing by reducing volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions. Base VOC emissions for a typical plant are estimated using a mass balance approach. Pollution prevention and sustainability measures are assessed using realistic criteria and weightings. Sustainability has been considered from an industry perspective, considering factors like economics, environmental impact, quality, health and safety. Through a case study, it is demonstrated that several advantageous options are available for reducing VOC emissions in manufacturing office furniture partitions, and thereby enhancing the sustainability of that industrial operation. The measures deemed most viable include implementing several best management practices, not painting of non-visible parts, switching gluing processes, recycling solvent and modifying attachments. The results are intended to be balanced so as to improve their acceptability and adoptability by industry. It appears that it would be advantageous for manufacturers of office panels to evaluate the feasibility of these measures and to implement the most appropriate. The results are likely extendable to other operations in the wood furniture industry, and would improve their sustainability. sustainability; volatile organic compound; manufacturing; furniture; office partition; pollution; emissions 2 2009 1 6 Sustainability 1 19 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/234/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/2/234/ text/html Frank S. Luisser fluisser@yahoo.com Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada Marc A. Rosen marc.rosen@uoit.ca Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario, L1H 7K4, Canada

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2009:i:1:p:1-18:d:66632010-10-15RePEc

article Proponents of participatory plant breeding (PPB) contend that it is more conducive to promoting agricultural biodiversity than conventional plant breeding. The argument is that conventional plant breeding tends to produce crops for homogenous environments, while PPB tends to be directed at meeting the diverse environmental conditions of the farmers participating in a breeding program. Social scientific research is needed to highlight the complex socioeconomic factors that inhibit efforts to initiate PPB programs. To contribute, we offer a case study of a participatory organic seed production project that involved a university breeding program, commercial organic seed dealers, and organic farmers in the Northeastern United States. We demonstrate that, although PPB may indeed promote agricultural biodiversity, several socioeconomic obstacles must be overcome to establish such a program. agricultural biodiversity; socioeconomic context; plant breeding 1 2009 2 12 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/73/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/1/73/ text/html Ruth Mendum rmm22@psu.edu Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Leland L. Glenna llg13@psu.edu Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:7:p:1-18:d:89862010-10-15RePEc

article Intensive shrimp farming is a lucrative and highly risky business. Before entering this industry, most farmers spend time observing the operation of pilot farms. This stage is important to master essential techniques and judge the profitability and risk associated with shrimp farming. Learning is a complex process that leads to misconceptions about the nature of short-term and long-term risks. This paper uses computer simulation to illuminate the dynamic nature of the learning processes, land conversion, shrimp production and environmental contamination. The model is based on conditions of the Dai Hoa Loc Commune in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Initial simulations match statistical data by revealing the high risk: high initial profits from the pilot farms followed by conversion from rice land to shrimp farms. When rapid conversion occurs, the region is vulnerable to excessive accumulation of nutrients, a decline in shrimp yields and financial failure. In contrast, low stock densities deliver a lower profit which is insufficient to stimulate mass land conversion. The paper concludes with testing recovery strategies for farmers who have suffered the longer term impacts of high stocking density. Results show that yield recovery is possible by improving the channel and imposing regulatory control over stocking density. intensive shrimp farming; stock density; learning process; recovery strategy; Mekong Delta 7 2010 2 7 Sustainability 1 18 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2144/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/7/2144/ text/html Thuy T.H. Nguyen thi.nguyen@email.wsu.edu School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, P.O. Box 642812, WA 99164-2812, USA Andrew Ford forda@wsu.edu School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, P.O. Box 642812, WA 99164-2812, USA

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:2:p:1-8:d:70942010-10-15RePEc

article An excel-based model was developed to evaluate economic and environmental benefits of the solar-powered compaction garbage bins in public areas in Australia. Input data were collected from Brisbane and Wollongong City councils, and Sydney Olympic Park. The results demonstrate that solar-powered compaction garbage bins would provide environmental benefits in all scenarios. However, results of the economic analysis of the three studied areas varied significantly. The unique situation of Sydney Olympic Park made implementation in that facility particularly appealing. A lower monthly rental cost is needed for the implementation of this novel waste management practice. solar-powered compaction garbage bins; public areas; waste management; greenhouse gas emission 2 2010 2 2 Sustainability 1 8 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/524/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/2/524/ text/html Poppy Jane Coleman pjc768@uow.edu.au School of Civil Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia Long Duc Nghiem longn@uow.edu.au School of Civil Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:1:y:2009:i:4:p:1-13:d:60762010-10-15RePEc

article The paper presents thoughts on Sustainable Data Infrastructure (SDI) development, and its user requirements bases. It brings Maslow's motivational theory to the fore, and proposes it as a rationalization mechanism for entities (mostly governmental) that aim at realizing SDI. Maslow's theory, though well-known, is somewhat new in geospatial circles; this is where the novelty of the paper resides. SDI has been shown to enable and aid development in diverse ways. However, stimulating developing countries to appreciate the utility of SDI, implement, and use SDI in achieving sustainable development has proven to be an imposing challenge. One of the key reasons for this could be the absence of a widely accepted psychological theory to drive needs assessment and intervention design for the purpose of SDI development. As a result, it is reasonable to explore Maslow’s theory of human motivation as a psychological theory for promoting SDI in developing countries. In this article, we review and adapt Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as a framework for the assessment of the needs of developing nations. The paper concludes with the implications of this framework for policy with the view to stimulating the implementation of SDI in developing nations. spatial data infrastructure; Maslow’s hierarchy of needs; motivation theory; sustainability; GIS; developing nations 4 2009 1 11 Sustainability 1 13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/946/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/946/ text/html David O. Yawson oskidoo@yahoo.com School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Frederick A. Armah atoarmah@yahoo.com School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Alex N. M. Pappoe anmpappoe@yahoo.com School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

oai:RePEc:gam:jgames:v:2:y:2010:i:9:p:1-11:d:94432010-10-15RePEc

article There is growing evidence suggesting that the United States’ roots are not in a state of “pristine” nature but rather in a “human-modified landscape” over which Native people have since long exerted vast control and use. The longleaf pine is a typical woodland use largely shaped by fires, lightning and by Native Americans. The frequent fires, which were used to reduce fuels and protect themselves from wildfires, enhance wildlife habitats and for hunting, protect themselves from predators and enemy tribes, led to the establishment of the fire dependent and fire tolerant longleaf pine across the southern landscape. In the last 3 centuries however, the range of longleaf ecosystem has been gradually replaced first by agriculture and then by loblolly pine farming. The joint effects of agricultural expansion, intense logging of the longleaf in the late 1800s, expanded fire control since the early 20th century, and subsequent bare-root planting beginning in the 1930s, has permitted loblolly pine to become dominantly established in the south. Longleaf and loblolly pines represent two distinct woodland uses and represent separate human values. This study investigated the change from longleaf pine use to loblolly pine farming in Southern US from perspectives of human values of land and natural resources. woodland use; Native American; industrialization; family forests; forest industry 9 2010 2 8 Sustainability 1 11 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2734/pdf application/pdf http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/9/2734/ text/html Yaoqi Zhang Yaoqi.Zhang@auburn.edu School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA Forest Business & Economics Section, Industry Relations Branch, Ministry of Natural Resources, 70 Foster Drive, Suite # 210, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A4G3, Canada Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA Indrajit Majumdar indrajit.majumdar@ontario.ca School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA Forest Business & Economics Section, Industry Relations Branch, Ministry of Natural Resources, 70 Foster